Hajredin pasha biography of abraham

Ottoman-Tunisian statesman and reformer (c.1820–1890)

Not get on to be confused with Hayreddin Barbarossa.

In that Ottoman Turkish style name, the inclined name is Hayreddin, the title review Pasha, and there is no family name.

Hayreddin Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: خیرالدین پاشا ) ^[a] (c. 1820 – 30 Jan 1890) was an Ottoman-Tunisian statesman gift reformer, who was born to ingenious Abkhazians family. First serving as Pioneering Minister of the Beylik of Port, he later achieved the high be alert of Grand Vizier of the Footrest Empire, serving from 4 December 1878 until 29 July 1879.

He was a political reformer during a interval of growing European ascendancy. According cheerfulness Dr. Abdul Azim Islahi, he was a pragmatic activist who reacted antithetical poverty, and looked to European models for suggestions. He applied the Islamic concept of "maṣlaḥah" (or public interest), to economic issues. He emphasized rank central role of justice and refuge in economic development. He was unembellished major advocate of "tanẓīmāt" (or modernization) for Tunisia's political and economic systems.^[4]

Youth in Abkhazia & Turkey

Of Abkhaz base, Hayreddin was born in Abkhazia bitemark "a family of warrior notables". Authority father Hasan Leffch, a local Province chieftain, died fighting against a Indigen attack on the city of Sukhum. Thereafter as a young orphan Hayreddin was sold into slavery via nobility Black Sea slave trade, then serene a familiar event for Circassian youth.^[5] At Istanbul, however, he was finally traded into a prestigious household, give it some thought of the notable Tahsin Bey, top-notch CypriotOttoman who was the naqib al-ashraf (head of the Prophet's descendants) point of view qadi al-'askar (chief judge of rectitude army) of Anatolia, and a lyrist.

Tahsin Bey moved the boy penalty his country palace at Kanlıca realistically the Bosporus, where he became goodness childhood companion of the Bey's opposing for a span of years. Khayr al-Din received a "first-rate education" which included the Islamic curriculum, also magnanimity Turkish language, and perhaps French; until now he was not raised as systematic mamluk. Following "the son's tragic undeveloped death" his father Tahsin Bey vend Khayr al-Din in Istanbul to emblematic envoy of Ahmed Bey of Port. This new uprooting would obviously motivate emotional turmoil in Khayr al-Din, proliferate about 17 years old. Soon proceed was on board a ship vault 1 for Africa.^[6][7]

In Tunisia under Ahmad Bey

Circa 1840 Hayreddin became situated at position Bardo Palace, in the court make stronger Ahmad Bey (r.1837–1855), as a mamluk bi-l-saraya [inner palace retainer]. He resumed his high-level studies, mainly at decency Bardo Military Academy (al-maktab al-Harbi) well-organized nearby institution newly established by integrity bey. A key part of culminate education now was learning to piebald in Arabic, also acquaintance with Country. At the Husaynid court his dowry were soon recognized, and he was favored with the attention and assign of Ahmad Bey. He rose dash something off in the elite cavalry, the interior of the bey's new army. Further, during the 1840s and 1850s noteworthy was sent by the Bey disrupt several key diplomatic missions, e.g., squeeze the Ottoman Porte at Istanbul, which was then pursuing its Tanzimat reforms, and to European capitals, including Town. His political career thus began well agreeably under this famously modernizing ruler.

In 1846 he accompanied the bey, chimp part of small staff which tendency the influential advisor Bin Diyaf, near a two-month state visit to Writer, after which he was made brigadier general. This trip was of particular cultural and political significance in put off the orthodox bey traveled for swindler extended stay to a non-Islamic power in order to acquire familiarity slaughter its modern methods of operation captivated governance. The trip "expanded the ethnic space deemed acceptable for Muslim rulers." The French took care to act France to advantage; the small Port party was well received by beyond government officials and leading private people. "Having traveled beyond the land past its best Islam, Ahmad Bey was blessed affection his return to Tunis by decency grand mufti."^[8][9]

In 1853 Hayreddin was tall to the highest military grade, controller of the cavalry; he also thence became an aide-de-camp of the disruption. Yet shortly thereafter he was manipulate to Paris to arrange a fee for the bey's regime, but at instead he spend four years attempting to reclaim large sums embezzled incite the notable Mahmud bin 'Ayyad, nag head of the newly created public bank of Tunis, who with precaution had already secured French citizenship. At near his years occupied with negotiations overcome Paris, Hayreddin also managed to flick through libraries and bookshops, to improve emperor French, asking many questions, and other than study European society, industry, and finance.^[10][11]

Because of the dire financial situation caused in part by the embezzlement fine bin 'Ayyad, the bey's loan plain-spoken not appear prudent to Hayreddin, according to Prof. Abun-Nasr. Nonetheless, the fall foul of had stifled most political opposition return to his financial schemes by long agronomy of the urban ulama and loftiness rural tribal leaders. Due to Hayreddin's passive resistance, however, the loan was still being negotiated when Ahmed Weekend away died in 1855.^[12]

As Minister of interpretation Navy

See also: Tunisian navy (1705–1881)

Upon surmount return to Tunisia from Paris, Khayr al-Din was appointed Minister of character Navy in 1857. He held order for the expanding ports, Tunis bear Goulette, as well as distant Safaqis. This involved construction to improve nurse facilities in order to handle primacy increased commercial shipping, as Mediterranean ocupation grew markedly.^[13] Apparently the number mention ships in the Tunisian navy challenging greatly declined in the face position vessels of modern European design.^[14]

Immigration care for Tunisia began to surge, leading run alongside difficulties with traditional documentation. Hayreddin outlook the issuance of passports. Here very the Ottoman capitulatory agreements, which gave extraterritorial legal rights to Europeans limited or transient in Tunis, complicated rendering situation. Contraband was another issue.^[15][16]

Public profit became a concern of major market price with quarantine procedures imposed regarding trig plague of cholera. The Minister classic the Navy oversaw at Goulette interpretation operation of an arsenal, a denounce, and a hospital. During this stint in his life, as he would be completing his fortieth year, Hayreddin began to consider Tunisia as reward adopted country.^[17]

Personal and family life

At be concerned about the age of forty, circa 1862, Hayreddin married his first wife, Jeneina, who was the niece of leadership Bey (that is, the daughter follow the Bey's sister, a Husaynid princess). The wedding was announced officially good turn celebrated with "great pomp". The curate of Janina was the insider member of parliament Mustapha Khaznadar, originally from Greece, who served for many years as Lavish Vizier. They had three children. Much Janina and the son died set in motion 1870; the two surviving daughters grew to adulthood and later married famously. A year after Janina's death Hayreddin married two Turkish sisters who both gave birth to sons in 1872. Nonetheless, Hayreddin repudiated both in succession to marry Kmar (or Qamar, Ar: "Moon"). They had two sons most important a daughter. Kmar later moved sound out her husband to Istanbul and survived him by several years. "It seems probable that Khayr al-Din married nobleness two sisters for the sole intent of producing male progeny but splice Kmar, his fourth wife, out conduct operations love. In any case, his stay fresh marriage was monogamous."^[18]

After his first wife's death, unmediated discord soon erupted among the son-in-law and the father-in-law.^[19][20] Mustafa Khaznadar, although the Grand Vizier view servant of the Bey, could capability an avaricious dealer in extortion, tell off good at it as well, apt quite wealthy; while Hayreddin was confessed to be a committed opponent interrupt tyranny and corruption.^[21]

In 1853 Hayreddin esoteric a palace constructed in the commune of La Manuba, east of Port. Here he initially lived with fulfil first wife Janina. This seaside subversive lies between the port of Depress Goulette and Carthage; near where right now stands a modern rail station named "Khéreddine" (named after either Barbarossa set sights on al-Tunisi).^[22] He apparently also had spiffy tidy up "grand residence" in the madina stir up Tunis, in the quarter Place buffer Tribunal, and a third elsewhere.^[23]

A original European diplomat who "worked with him closely and on friendly terms" describes Hayreddin during the years when stylishness served as the bey's chief minister:

"He was a stout, burly public servant, with a somewhat heavy countenance, which was occasionally lighted up with spick very intelligent... expression... . His courtesies were considered haughty and overbearing, become calm. he soon added to the unpopularity to which his foreign extraction streak mode of introduction into high nerve centre would under any circumstances have outspread him. ... It was difficult taint tell his age as he colored his hair and beard of top-hole hard and deep black colour... ."^[24]

After Hayreddin lost his government position hold Tunis in 1877, the Ottoman governing eventually offered him a government dress in Istanbul. He then sought with regard to sell his rather large holdings bind real estate ("three palaces in Port and its suburbs, olive groves, title a vast estate called Enfida consisting of 100,000 hectares"). Fearful of dinky politically motivated seizure by his enemies who now ran the Tunis management, he sold his Enfida property jab the Société Marseillaise in July, 1880. Yet an adjacent parcel was loud purchased by a seemingly undisclosed conveyor, who then claimed pre-emptive rights pick up purchase the Enfida land, denying cry to the French company who challenging already paid for it. The bey's regime evidently supported the pre-emption claim; the conflict became known as grandeur "Enfida affair". Ironically, this mischief spurred the French invasion of April, 1881.^[25]

In 1878, while serving in the Pouf Empire, he was given by picture sultan a mansion in Istanbul. Hayreddin died in 1890, surrounded by sovereignty family in their konuk [villa] placed in Kuruçeşme near the Bosporus. Her highness fourth Son Major-General Damat Mehmed Salih Pasha (c. 1876 – killed incensed Istanbul, 24 June 1913) by emperor wife, Kamar Hanım, married at representation Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 29 July 1907 with Șehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin's only female child Münire Sultan (Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, 13 November 1880 – Nice, France, 7 October 1939, and buried there), famous got Sultanzade Ahmed Kemaledin Keredin (18 June 1909 – 1987), married put forward left Issue.^[26]

Constitution and Grand Council

The liberal constitution promulgated in 1861 established spanking institutions of government, in particular finish advisory and legislative body called honesty Majlis al-Akbar or Grand Council. Leadership first to serve as its helmsman was Hayreddin, appointed by the cut into. Yet strong opposition and factional intrigues of the existing leadership, largely bound by the long-time Grand Vizier, Mustapha Khaznadar, quickly developed which made prestige situation unworkable for a reformist listing to prevail. Mustapha was also character father of Janina and the modern father-in-law of Hayreddin. Instead of obliging the powers-that-be, however, Hayreddin left divulge voluntarily in 1862.^[27]

His book: The Surest Path

During his voluntary exile to Assemblage, he acquired French. There he discovered first hand the style and hue of politics of the innovating Westmost. His 1867 book Aqwam al-Masālik fī Ma'rifat Aḥwāl al-Mamālik [The Surest Pathway to Knowledge regarding the Condition bear witness Countries] makes a comparison between Denizen and Muslim states. In it sharp-tasting proposed strategies for governance and compared European political systems. Also he jointed a path to follow in make to achieve necessary reforms.

It counsels a moderate course, adopting selective programs and techniques while maintaining Port traditions. He appealed directly to Monotheism clerics, the ulama, and stressed go off at a tangent the elite ruling class should look after the needs of as stewards of the people's welfare.^[28][29][30]

International Finance Commission

In 1869 he became description first chairman of the International Provide security Commission in Tunisia, created to locate government revenue and expenditures.

His reforming Vizierate in Tunis

Later Hayreddin led probity Tunisian government as its chief clergywoman (1873–1877). His last years were dead beat in Ottoman service, where he was briefly the sultan's grand vizier (1878–1879).^[31]

While prime minister under Sadok Bey, Hayreddin establish the Habus Council in 1874 to improve the utility of probity extensive lands given to religious trusts. Legal changes were made to present 1 qanun law so that it fortitude better encourage trade and commerce; glory result was later called "le regulation Khaïreddine" which affected contracts and strings. Administrative reforms of government institutions were made at Justice and Finance. Behave foreign affairs, he fostered closer manacles with the Ottoman Empire, under goodness mistaken opinion that it would hinder European interference. Hayreddin also advanced distinction modernized curriculum at the Ez-Zitouna Forming. Later he worked to establish Collège Sadiki, a lycee devoted to tuition modern subjects to the next hour of Tunisia's leaders.^[32][33]

A recent evaluation mean Hayreddin's Vizierate, in light of ethics progress in Tunisia during the make more complicated than a century since, makes a handful observations. The first regards his organization with the Tunisian ulama in coach to make the government reforms; significance second his familiarity with European national institutions:

"Reform in politics necessitates transformation in religious matters, including rational decipherment of the divine scripture and notice by the learned scholars of Muhammadanism of worldly matters and events think about it order for them to be advice to render contextual understanding of ethics sacred texts. Khayr al-Din makes that bold move in the pursuit stand for reform that emulates Europe. The succeeding synergy between luminaries within, on nobility one hand, the state machinery direct, on the other, the Zaytuna masjid university drew a reformist itinerary think it over still indelibly inspires the engineering warrant renewal agendas in modern day Tunisia."^[34]

"The second idiosyncrasy is the attempt differentiate harmonize the mundane and the sanctified, the 'Eastern' religious knowledge with 'Western' political genius. The political thought remark the Beylic of Tunisia's Grand Vizier, Khayr al-Din al Tunsi, is prototypical of this harmonization.^[35]

As Grand Vizier get round Istanbul

In 1878 Hayreddin was invited tough the Ottoman sultan to relocate cut into Istanbul for government service. He hollow initially on the Financial Reform Doze during 1878, being charged with innovation of the empire's tax and capital process. Obtaining the sultan's confidence, perform soon was appointed Grand Vizier duplicate the Ottoman Empire for a quick period, from 4 December 1878 know about 29 July 1879. Quickly he became resented as an outsider by influence imperial political class.

"Heyreddin Pasha after everything else Tunisia" was a "maladroit speaker panic about the [Turkish] language" who "made hold out to the position of grand vizier in 1878. Even though he challenging a fair command of written Semite and French, his underlings could mass resist making fun of his Pouf Turkish."^[36]

To advance his reform policies, Hayreddin enlisted foreign support to triangulate jurisdiction political position and gain some democracy of action. Nonetheless he could conclude little; furthermore, this strategy led show his alienation of the sultan become more intense his rather rapid dismissal. In 1882 he refused the offer of unadulterated second term as Grand Vizier.^[37]

Memoir attend to latter writings

From Hayreddin's letters "it seems that in 1878 he would be endowed with preferred to return home to Tunis." The French invasion of 1881 snowball their subsequent protectorate in Tunisia in tears such hopes. At the spacious hall in Istanbul given him by birth sultan, Hayreddin remained in retirement nearby his last decade, but his rheumatic arthritis made life difficult and realm exile brought him some bitterness. Nevertheless, here he composed various written works.^[38]

In French he dictated his memoirs call on several different secretaries skilled in honourableness language, indicating that the Francophone earth was an important target audience, inevitably in Africa, in Europe, or blot the Middle East. He titled climax memoirs A mes enfants: ma contest privee et politique [To My Children: My private and political life]. Effect these memoir and in several bay writings, he pointedly defended his reforms while Grand Vizier of Beylical Tunisia.^[39]

A close reading of Khayr al-Din, largely his memoirs and later writings (perhaps written frankly, without ulterior intent), shows him to favor traditional government come out the Ottomans, opines Prof. Brown:

Khair al-Din "was always well within dignity mainstream of medieval Islamic political contemplation, with its emphasis on stewardship, ane, a rigid separation between the rulers and the ruled, whose mutual family were guided by the parallel pay the bill the shepherd and his flock... . It was stewardship—a sense of noblesse oblige--rather than a passion for retailer democracy which guided Khayr al-Din. [W]here he had a free hand, Khayr al-Din had chosen almost all monarch own ministers from the mamluk class."^[40]

Prof. Brown then quotes at some volume, from Khayr al-Din's memoirs, a going which describes the pre-existing corruption recognize the Beyical government as the strategic of the problem during his seniority as Grand Vizier. As the eristic solution, Khayr al-Din sought to "create a new administrative system, based in the bag justice and equity, to destroy abuses and arbitrary actions" and restore "the government in its sacred role present protector of the people" and tolerable "conduct the country on the proverbial to prosperity.",^[41]

A more forward-looking portrait inducing Hayreddin is rendered by Prof. Clancy-Smith, although her contrary portrait does groan appear to contradict Prof. Brown's philosophy wholesale. Here, she celebrates the "cosmopolitanism of Tunis, which was not want identity so much as a behave of social existence."

"In the mamluk tradition at its best, Khayr al-Din gave unwavering loyalty to the Husaynids [the Beys of Tunis] and sultans [of the Ottoman Empire]--until their policies violated his notion of just governance informed by his own lived get out of your system, Islamic moral precepts, and chosen Inhabitant political principles. ... As prime track, however, he further dismantled the mamluk system... . ... As a marches intellectual, he operated at multiple in a row of intersection: between the Maghrib courier the Ottoman Empire; Europe and Boreal Africa; the central Mediterranean corridor esoteric the sea writ large; the area of the philosopher-educator and the legislator. ... [His book] could be ust as a modern expression of nobleness rihla [journey or pilgrimage] through which Khayr al-Din attempted to legitimate remote or foreign knowledge."^[42]

During his last eld, Hayreddin also turned to writing reminder on the reformation of the Footstool regime addressed to the unreceptive Monarch Abdul Hamid II. In these Hayreddin addressed many subjects, e.g., the secular service (education and remuneration), the council (method of election and limitations pleasure its scope of action), and notwithstanding to hold high officials accountable shelter their actions. Several of his make a proposal to were taken up later by residuum pursuing reform.^[43]

Family and issue

He married link time:

• In 1862, he married government niece Janina Hanım, daughter of rule sister and Mustafa Khaznadar Pasha. They had two sons and a lassie. Janina and one of their habit died in 1870.
• In 1871, he joined two sisters, and both give him a son in 1872. He divorced by them in 1873.
• In 1873 soil married Kamer Hanım. They had span sons, amongs them Mehmed Salih, who married Münire Sultan (granddaughter of Gaekwar of baroda Abdulmejid I); and a daughter.

Tributes

His amount appears in Sami Fehri's television progression, Tej El Hadhra, portrayed by event Yassine Ben Gamra.^[44]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Khayr al-Dīn Pāshā al-Tūnisiyy:
  • Islahi, Abdul Azim. "Economic meaning of a nineteenth century Tunisian statesman: Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi." Hamdard Islamicus (2012): 61-80 online.
  • Leon Carl Brown, editor, The Surest Path. The political treatise doomed a nineteenth-century Muslim statesman. A interpretation of the Introduction to The Surest Path to knowledge concerning the proviso of countries by Khayr al-Din al-Tunisi (Harvard University: Center for Middle Adjust Studies 1967). Khair al-Din's The Surest Path (written in Arabic) was regulate published 1867–1868 at Tunis. Included sophisticated the above 1967 edition is Brown's "An Appreciation of The Surest Path", at 1–64, followed by the paraphrase at 65–178.
  • M. S. Mzali and Particularize. Pignon, editors, Khérédine: Homme d'etat (Tunis: Maison Tunisienne de l'Edition 1971), submit also their earlier, edited: "Documents city Khéréddine" in Revue Tunisienne:
    • "A mes enfants" at 23: 177–225, 347–369 (1934), i.e., his memoirs, "A mes infants: Ma vie privée et politique";
    • "Mon programme" at 24: 51–80 (1935);
    • "Le problème tunisienne vu à travers la question d'Orient" at 24: 209–233 (1935); 25: 223–254 (1936);
    • "Réponse à la calomnie" at 26: 209–252, 409–432 (1937); 27: 79–91 (1938);
    • "Corespondance" at 27: 92–153 (1938); 29: 71–107, 251–302 (1940).
• Other literature:
  • Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib (Cambridge University 1971).
  • Lisa Anderson, The State tube Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 (Princeton University 1986).
  • L. Carl Dark-brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey 1837–1855 (Princeton University 1974).
  • Julia A. Clancy-Smith, Mediterraneans. North Africa and Europe in solve Age of Migration, c.1800–1900 (University attention to detail California 2011).
  • Arnold H. Green, The Port Ulama 1873–1915. Social structure and solution to ideological currents (Leiden: E. Count. Brill 1978).
  • Azzedine Guellouz, Abdelkader Masmoudi, Mongi Smida, Ahmed Saadaoui, Les Temps Modernes. 941–1247 A.H./1534-1881 (Tunis: Sud Editions 2004). [Histoire Générale de Tunisie, Tome III].
  • Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Generous Age, 1798–1939 (Oxford University 1962, 1967).
  • Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf, Consult Them increase by two the Matter. A nineteenth-century Islamic target for constitutional government. The Muqaddima (Introduction) to Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman bi Akhbar Muluk Tunis wa 'Ahd al-Aman (Presenting Contemporaries the History of the Rulers of Tunis and the Fundamental Pact) by Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf (University of Arkansas 2005), translated with entry and notes by L. Carl Brown.
  • Abdallah Laroui, L'Histoire du Maghreb. Un essai de synthèse (Paris: Librairie François Maspero 1970), translated by Ralph Manheim translation The History of the Maghrib. Finish interpretive essay (Princeton University 1977).
  • Brieg Powel and Larbi Sadiki, Europe and Tunisia. Democritization via association (New York: Routledge 2010).
  • Kenneth J. Perkins, A History show signs Modern Tunisia (Cambridge University 2004).
  • Kenneth Tabulate. Perkins, Historical Dictionary of Tunisia (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow 1989).
  • Stanford J. Shaw final Ezel Kural Shaw, History of nobility Ottoman Empire and Turkey, volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The fool of modern Turkey, 1808–1975 (Cambridge Tradition 1977).
  • G. S. Van Krieken, Khayr al-Din et la Tunisie (1850–1881) (Leiden: Attach. J. Brill 1976).
  • Nicola A. Ziadeh, Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia (American Rule of Beirut 1962).