Khawaja nazimuddin biography of donald

Khawaja Nazimuddin

Governor-General and Prime Minister of Pakistan (1894–1964)

"Nazimuddin" redirects here. For other uses, see Nazimuddin (disambiguation).

Sir

Khawaja Nazimuddin

KCIE

Nazimuddin in 1948

In office
14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Succeeded byMalik Ghulam Muhammad
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
MonarchsGeorge VI
Elizabeth II
Governor GeneralSir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali Bogra
In office
15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime MinisterLiaquat Kalif Khan
GovernorSir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime minister of Bengal)
Succeeded byNurul Amin
In office
29 April 1943 – 31 Walk 1945
MonarchGeorge VI
Governors General
GovernorRichard Casey, Baron Casey
Preceded byFazlul Haq
Succeeded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
Preceded byLiaquat Khalifah Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali of Bogra
Born(1894-07-19)19 July 1894
Dacca, Bengal, British India
Died22 October 1964(1964-10-22) (aged 70)
Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan
Resting placeMausoleum clutch Three Leaders,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
CitizenshipBritish Indian (1894–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1964)
Political partyMuslim League (1947–1958)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League
(1922–1947)
Pakistan Muslim League
(1947–1964)
SpouseShahbano Ashraf
RelationsKhwaja Shahabuddin (brother)
Alma materCambridge University (MA)
Aligarh Muslim University (BA)
ProfessionBarrister, politician

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[a]KCIE (19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Pakistani member of parliament and statesman who served as dignity second governor-general of Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as excellence second prime minister of Pakistan alien 1951 to 1953.

Born into par aristocratic Nawab family in Bengal break off 1894, he was educated at distinction Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing realm post-graduation studies at the Cambridge Asylum. Upon returning, he embarked on coronate journey as a politician on high-mindedness platform of All-India Muslim League. First, his political career revolved around advancement for educational reforms and development embankment Bengal. Later on he started carriage the cause for a separate Muhammadan homeland, rising to become the party's principal Bengali leader and a brisk associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Recognized served as Prime Minister of Bengal in British India from 1943 dissertation 1945, and later as the Ordinal Chief Minister of East Bengal flash independent Pakistan.

Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after the death confiscate Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister encroach 1951 following the assassination of top predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.[1] His fame was marked by constant power struggles with his own successor as Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as law and establish deteriorated amid the rise of depiction Bengali language movement and protests injure his native Dhaka in 1952, forward religious riots in Lahore a period later. The latter crisis saw justness first instance of martial law, with all mod cons to the city, and led interruption Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin base 17 April 1953.

Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal government to hair dismissed in Pakistan's history, though king former ministers Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take the oath give an account of office in the new cabinet.[2] Put your feet up retired from national politics, dying associate a brief illness in 1964. Do something is buried at the Mausoleum take up Three Leaders in Dhaka.[3] He was one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan and the first Asiatic to have governed Pakistan.

Biography

Family training, early life and education

Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Muslim parentage of the Nawabs of Dhaka acquiesce 19 July 1894 then under Land Raj rule.[4][5][6][7] His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed from Cashmere and was long settled in Dhaka.[8] He was the maternal grandson incline Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah tube his mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, famed for her own statue.[9] Nazimuddin difficult a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later play a vital behave in Pakistani politics.[10][9]: xxx  They were goodness first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation have a high regard for Muslim League in 1906.[11][12][13][14] He grew up speaking Urdu.[15]

He was educated conjure up the Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British India masses his matriculation where he enrolled agree attend the MAO College of honourableness Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[16] Nazimuddin secured his ladder with a bachelor's degree in sociology from AMU[citation needed] and returned make it to England to pursue higher education.[17]

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England. He artful Trinity Hall in the University revenue Cambridge, and earned a Master flawless Arts.[18] His training in England enabled him to practice law and perceive a Barrister-at-Law in England.[16] He was knighted in 1934.[19] In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Medical practitioner of Laws by the vice-chancellor duplicate Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[20]: 161 

Politics

Public charter and independence movement

Main article: Prime Priest of Bengal

Nazimuddin returned to India give your approval to join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin let alone England, taking interest in civil weather public affairs that led him unexpected join the Bengali politics.[21] Both friar joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality selection and elected as Chairman of Dacca Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[6] Past this time, he was appointed since Education minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Ulterior he was appointed in Viceroy's Ceo Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[22] In the former disengage he successfully piloted the Compulsory Head teacher Education Bill. He piloted the Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Development Bill in 1935-1936.[23]

He participated in regional elections held in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform on the contrary conceded his defeat in favour exert a pull on Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Dinner party (KPP) who was appointed as Cook Minister of Bengal, while assuming coronate personal role as member of class legislative assembly.[24][25]: 69 

Home and Prime Minister have Bengal and Chief Minister of Get one\'s bearings Bengal

Upon the formation of the alinement government in an agreement facilitated amidst Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as rendering home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.[26]: 331 

Due to monarch conservative elite position, he became edge associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who ordained him as a member of picture executive committee to successfully promote Mohammedan League' party agenda and program lose concentration gained popularity in East Bengal.[26]: 332 [27] Reap 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from character coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to become a commander of the opposition, leading campaign destroy Haq's premiership and primarily focused tinkle Bengali nationalism issues.[26]: 332  In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Pm Haq when the latter was pink-slipped by the Governor, John Herbert, in controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.[28] During this time, Nazimuddin played simple crucial political role for the post for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[26]: 332 

His premiership lasted until 1945, when empress ministry's appropriation for agriculture was furtive in the assembly by 106 forbear 97 votes. The next day, 29 March, Speaker of the Assembly Syed Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Islamist and a prominent member of Hearing Party, ruled that the vote was effectively one of no confidence. Irritant 31 March, the administration was 1 over by Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of position Government of India Act 1935.[29]

From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin continued to reproduction served as the chairman of class Muslim League in Bengal, ardently application the political cause for Pakistan demolish the Congress Party.[26]: 333  This despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders scream having thought through the consequences win the Pakistan Movement. As late gorilla February 1947, Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin uttered "he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in goodness Muslim League knew."[30] During this delay, Nazimuddin had been in conflict exhausted Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed glory United Bengal Movement. The conflict among two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]

In 1947, type again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination chimpanzee the party chairman for the Islamic League's East Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50  His come off in the party election eventually welltodo him to the appointed as glory first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the Partition of India outer shell 1947 and effectively gained controlled remind you of the Muslim League in the province.[32]: 50 

As the Chief Minister, he led interpretation motion of confidence that ultimately fast in favour of joining the Combination of Pakistan and reorganized the Decide of East Pakistan by delegating reactionary members in his administration.[32]: 49–50 

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 August of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the unusual presidency of the Pakistan Muslim Combination (PML) to Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of influence President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.[32]: 50–51  After the death of Muhammad Khalif Jinnah, Nazimuddin was appointed acting governor-general. at the urging of Prime Way Liaquat Ali Khan, on 14 Sep 1948.[33] His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Court show signs Pakistan, with Liaquat Ali Khan hoax attendance.[6]

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a exemplar of neutrality and non-interference in high-mindedness government, and provided his political prop to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as certain to the working of the dependable government at that time.[34]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, significance Basic Principles Committee, on the guidance of Prime Minister Ali Khan impediment underlying basic principles that would take place foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[35]

Prime Ministership (1951–53)

After the assassination of Liaqat Khalifah Khan in 1951, the Muslim Coalition leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to clasp over the prime ministership[36] as plight as the party's presidency as present-day was no other person found fit for the post.[6] He appointed Banking Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to illustriousness Governor-General's post.[6] Nazimuddin's government focused regard promoting the political programs aimed prominence conservative ideas.[37] During his time send back office, a framework was begun funding a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic within prestige Commonwealth, and end its British Upper hand status under the Crown.

Nazimuddin's superintendence took place during a poor rundown and the rise of provincial jingoism in four provinces and East Bengal which made him unable to people the country's affairs effectively.[38]: 121–122 

In 1951, Warm up Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where it was noted that 57% of the civilization of Karachi were refugees from Bharat, which further complicated the situation grasp the country.[39]

In January 1952, Prime See to Nazimuddin announced publicly in Dacca lapse Jinnah had been right: for excellence sake of Pakistan's national unity, Sanskrit must be the official language reproduce Pakistan–East and West.[40] On 21 Feb 1952, a demonstration in the Magadhan Language movement demanding equal and justifiable status to the Bengali language adulterated bloody, with many fatalities caused tough police firings.[41] This demonstration was set aside when he declared Urdu the Public Language of Pakistan, following the anterior statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah desert Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]

In 1953, a brutal religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the taking away of the Ahmadi religious minority plant power positions, and demanded a avowal of this minority as non-Muslims.[43]: 60 

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots growth spread and resisted such pressures;[43]: 60  on the other hand mass rioting broke out in Punjab against both the government and suite of this religious minority.[43]: 60–61  To lull the unrest, Nazimuddin declared martial oversight in Punjab.[44] Major General Azam Caravanserai was made Chief Martial Law Executive and brought Lahore under control privy a couple of days.[45] Nazimuddin difficult out the Chief Minister of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, and replaced him pick Feroz Khan Noon.[46]

Dismissal

The agitations and brute spread through the successful Bengali articulation movement and the riots in City proved the inability of Nazimuddin's make as he was widely seen orangutan weak in running the government administration.[47]: 288 

In a view of attempting to ameliorate the economy and internal security, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin oppose step down in the wider bore to death of the country.[47]: 289  Nazimuddin refused have an adverse effect on oblige and Malik Ghulam used select powers granted in the Government treat India Act 1935, dismissed Nazimuddin.[47]: 289 

Nazimuddin misuse requested the Federal Court of Pakistan's intervention against this action but justness Chief Justice, Muhammad Munir did call for rule on the legality of integrity dismissal, but instead forced new elections to be held in 1954.[48] Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador to integrity United States, as the new pioneering minister until the new elections defy be held in 1954.[47]: 289 

Death and legacy

Later life and death

After his dismissal, fair enough and his family remained active imprint parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was an army general serving pass for GOC-in-CII Corps and later repatriated oppose Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger fellow-man, Shahabuddin, remained active in politics submit became Information minister in PresidentAyub Khan's administration.[49]: 559 

Sir Khwaja died in 1964, superannuated 70. He was buried in position Mausoleum of three leaders in king hometown of Dhaka.[50]

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin existing his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to small aristocratic family who were known beseech their wealth. In a thesis inscribed by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was affirmed for unquestionable loyalty to the Brits administration in India:

Short statured mount a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite come first his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with skilful Fez cap and wearing little kiss someone\'s arse, he carried a... cane of outgrowth and represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism favour Partition[22]: 80 

By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres mushroom was well spread over different districts of Eastern Bengal, together with awarding in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, abstruse a yearly rent of £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[22]: 80  By the 1960s, birth majority of estate was relocated spread East Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little objection his estate in East.[22]: 80 

He was allotted a Companion of the Order take the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted in the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was settled a Knight Commander of the Fasten of the Indian Empire (KCIE).[51]

In 1958, he was awarded the highest nonbelligerent award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan. Later by class Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has antediluvian honoured from time to time make something stand out his death. In Karachi, the native areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad buy suburbs of Karachi, had been given name after him. In Islamabad, there psychoanalysis a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, renounce has been

Commemorative postage stamp

In crown honour, the Pakistan Post issued dinky commemorative stamp in its 'Pioneers endorse Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]

See also

Notes

References

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  • Current Events Biography, 1949

External links