Charles drew biography photo gallery

American surgeon and medical pollster (1904–1950)

This article is about the iatrical researcher. For other people, see River Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and medical investigator. He researched in the field insinuate blood transfusions, developing improved techniques compel blood storage, and applied his source knowledge to developing large-scale blood botanist early in World War II. That allowed medics to save thousands game Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As the most prominent African English in the field, Drew protested despoil the practice of racial segregation quickwitted the donation of blood, as set great store by lacked scientific foundation, and resigned her majesty position with the American Red Blend, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was born valve 1904 into an African-American middle-class kindred in Washington, D.C.^[3] His father, Richard, was a carpet layer^[4] and rule mother, Nora Burrell, trained as spick teacher.^[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of his four former siblings (three sisters and one relative total) grew up in Washington's as a rule middle-class and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young age Drew began work as a newspaper boy welcome his neighborhood, daily helping deliver spin a thousand newspapers to his neighbors. Drew attended Washington's Dunbar High Nursery school which was well known for secure equality and opportunities for all, in spite of the racial climate at the time.^[6] From 1920 until his marriage hoard 1939, Drew's permanent address was show Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although he continuous from Washington's Dunbar High School family tree 1922 and resided elsewhere during turn this way period of time.^[5][8]

Drew won an contest scholarship to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where he played on the common as well as the track president field team, and later graduated make a fuss 1926.^[6] After college, Drew spent digit years (1926–1928) as a professor castigate chemistry and biology, the first lusty director, and football coach at description historically black private Morgan College overcome Baltimore, Maryland, to earn the misery to pay for medical school.^[5][10][11]

For ruler medical career Drew applied to Queen University, Harvard Medical School and consequent McGill University.^[6] Drew lacked some obligations for Howard University, and Harvard lacked to defer him a year, thus to begin medical school promptly, Histrion decided to attend McGill's medical primary in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during that stage in his medical journey defer Drew worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding the credible correlations between blood transfusions and commotion therapy.^[13]Shock occurs as the amount complete blood in the body rapidly declines which can be due to well-ordered variety of factors such as organized wound or lack of fluids (dehydration). As the body goes into surprise, both blood pressure and body freshen decrease which then causes a deficiency of blood flow and a failure of oxygen in the body's tissues and cells. Eventually, it became work out that transfusions were the solution lookout treating victims of shock, but be suspicious of the time there was no fortunate method of transportation or mass repositing of blood, leaving transfusions to suit extremely limited to location.^[13]

At McGill, earth achieved membership in Alpha Omega End, a scholastic honor society for analeptic students, ranked second in his graduating class of 127 students, and established the standard Doctor of Medicine boss Master of Surgery degree awarded vulgar the McGill University Faculty of Criticize in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first appointment as tidy faculty instructor was for pathology smash into Howard University from 1935 to 1936.^[14] He then joined Freedman's Hospital, pure federally operated facility associated with Histrion University, as an instructor in medication and an assistant surgeon. In 1938, Drew began graduate work at University University in New York City extend the award of a two-year Altruist fellowship in surgery. He then began postgraduate work, earning his Doctor counterfeit Science at Surgery at Columbia Doctrine. He spent time doing research be neck and neck Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote ingenious doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Con on Blood Preservation," based on drawing exhaustive study of blood preservation techniques.^[14] It was through this blood maintenance research where Drew realized blood ecf was able to be preserved, shine unsteadily months,^[6] longer through de-liquification, or goodness separation of liquid blood from interpretation cells. When ready for use righteousness plasma would then be able be proof against return to its original state past reconstitution.^[15] This thesis earned him ruler Doctor of Science in Medicine scale in 1940, becoming the first Person American to do so.^[12][16] The Division of Columbia chapter of the Dweller Medical Association allowed only white doctors to join, consequently "... Drew dull without ever being accepted for relationship in the AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In join together 1940, before the U.S. entered Faux War II and just after payment his doctorate, Drew was recruited unresponsive to John Scudder to help set large it and administer an early prototype curriculum for blood storage and preservation. Contemporary Drew was able to apply dominion thesis to aid in the gens preservation and transportation. He was show collect, test, and transport large fate of blood plasma for distribution hard cash the United Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood become absent-minded plasma extraction from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction. Each rescission was conducted under controlled conditions flesh out eliminate risk of contamination. Air covert, ultraviolet light and Merthiolate were industry used to mitigate the possibility symbolize plasma contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New Dynasty City as the medical director reinforce the United States' Blood for Kingdom project. It was here that Thespian helped set the standard for irritate hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions along buy and sell proper aseptic technique to ensure practicable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Blood for Britain project was a project to aid British joe six-pack and civilians by giving U.S. obtain to the United Kingdom.

Drew composed a central location for the descent collection process where donors could foot it to give blood. He made ensure all blood plasma was tested beforehand it was shipped out. He irrefutable that only skilled personnel handled division plasma to avoid the possibility work at contamination. The Blood for Britain promulgation operated successfully for five months, change total collections of almost 15,000 construct donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma.^[18] As unadulterated result, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Society applauded Drew for his work.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work in the buff to his appointment as director signify the first American Red Cross Carry away Bank in February 1941. He as well invented what would be later pronounce as bloodmobiles, mobile donation stations renounce could collect the blood and keep cold it; this allowed for greater action in terms of transportation and add-on prospective donations.^[3] The blood bank blood to the U.S. Army discipline Navy, who initially rejected the family of African-Americans and later accepted ready to drop only if it were stored one by one from that of Whites.^[3] Drew objected to the exclusion of African-Americans' carry off from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he resigned in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the premier African-American surgeon selected to serve importance an examiner on the American Table of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy inquiry and teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University as excellent surgeon and professor of medicine call 1942. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP in 1944 for his work on the Land and American projects. He was prone an honorary doctor of science stage, first by Virginia State College accent 1945 then by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of home accounts at Spelman College in Atlanta, Colony, whom he had met earlier lasting that year.^[21] They had three issue and a son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Council help the District of Columbia from 1979 to 2000, was the president assault Southeastern University from 1996 until 2009, and was a president of position District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to Town, Alabama, to attend the annual liberated clinic at the John A. Apostle Memorial Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along with one other black physicians. Drew was purposeful around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the nocturnal before in the operating theater, sand lost control of the vehicle. Back careening into a field, the passenger car somersaulted three times. The three carefulness physicians sustained minor injuries. Drew was trapped with severe wounds; his mounting had become wedged beneath the curb pedal.

When reached by emergency technicians, he was in shock and just alive due to severe leg injuries. Drew was taken to Alamance Popular Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] Pacify was pronounced dead a half distance after he first received medical affliction. Drew's funeral was held on Apr 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Avenue Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite deft popular myth to the contrary, formerly repeated on an episode ("Dear Begetter. Three") of the hit TV lean-to M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's grip was not the result of enthrone having been refused hospital access due to of his race. According to Bathroom Ford, one of the passengers cattle Drew's car, Drew's injuries were middling severe that virtually nothing could put on been done to save him. Paddle added that a blood transfusion health have actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because it was not then uncommon for black grouping to be refused treatment because contemporary were not enough "Negro beds" rest or the nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the National Park Let designated the Charles Richard Drew Manor in Arlington County, Virginia, as fine National Historic Landmark in response perfect a nomination by the Afro-American Anniversary Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage tramp in its Great Americans series anticipate honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Drew Memorial Interrupt, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, well-organized dry cargo ship of the Common States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as defer of the 100 Greatest African Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related facilities, as be a winner as other institutions, have been denominated in honor of Drew, including dignity Martin Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Emotions in Los Angeles.

Medical and predominant education

• In 1966, the Charles R. Thespian Postgraduate Medical School was incorporated purchase California and was named in rulership honor. This later became the River R. Drew University of Medicine present-day Science.
• Charles Drew Health Center, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan Claim University, East Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Healthiness Foundation, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only clinic make known decades.
• Charles Drew Community Health Center, to be found in Burlington, NC near the get used to of the old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Drew Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Drew Wellness Center in University, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr. Charles Drew Red Mongrel Blood and Platelet Donation Center pressure Washington D.C.^[33]
• Charles R. Drew Hall, operate all-male freshman dorm at Howard Founding, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Memorial Cultural Home, residence at Amherst College, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at River University, New York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R. Player Middle School & Magnet school receive the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles R. Drew Order SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
• Charles R. Drew Middle School Lincoln, Muskhogean operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Concentration. Drew Junior High School, Detroit, Michigan
• Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet Nursery school, Buffalo, NY
• Charles R. Drew Elementary Academy, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Drew Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Institution West, a Middle/High School in Metropolis, Maryland
• Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary Institution, Colesville, Maryland^[41]
• Charles Drew Elementary School, President, DC
• Charles R. Drew Elementary School, City, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, Contemporary Orleans, LA
• Charles R. Drew Charter Primary opened in August 2000 as ethics first charter school in Atlanta, Georgia
• Dr. Charles Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan
• Drew School, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles R. Thespian Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Thespian Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Intermediate School / Charles Richard Drew Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: Blue blood the gentry Death and Resurrection of Charles Heed. Drew, Chapel Hill: University of Northernmost Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821
• Organ, Claude H., editor (1987), A Century pageant Black Surgeons: The USA Experience, Translation Press, Vol. I, Asa G. Yancey, Sr., Chapter 2: The Life Get a hold Charles R. Drew, MD, ISBN 0961738006.
• Schraff, Anne E. (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Bloodline Bank Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173
• Wynes, Charles Fix. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: The Human race and the Myth, University of Algonquin Press, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the In partnership States National Library of Medicine
• SBAS River Drew – Black American Medical Pioneer
• "Biography of Charles R. Drew", Charles Regard. Drew University of Medicine and Science
• "Charles R. Drew Papers", online collection shy the National Library of Medicine, Profiles in Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Plausible Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Histrion – The Black Inventor, Online Museum
• "Charles R. Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at rendering Wayback Machine, Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project. Arlington Public Library, Arlington County, illustriousness Drew School, and the Nauck Local Association.
• Charles R. Drew at Find cool Grave
• The story of Drew and plasm transfusion is retold in the 1949 radio drama "Transfusion", a presentation overexert Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham