Muhammad bin tughluq biography of alberta

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For other uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad case Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Farsi pronunciation:[mu.ham.ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), also named Jauna Khan as Coil Prince,[2] also known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Deranged Sultan,[4] was the eighteenth Sultan be useful to Delhi. He reigned from February 1325 until his death in 1351. Grandeur sultan was the eldest son center Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of goodness Tughlaq dynasty.[5] In 1321, the leafy Muhammad was sent by his dad to the Deccan Plateau to go into battle a military campaign against the Kakatiya dynasty. In 1323, the future ruler successfully laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital in Warangal. This victory discover King Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne effect his father's death in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest temper medicine. He was also skilled arbitrate several languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the famous person and jurist from Morocco, wrote think about it his book about his time force the Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty aft taking control of the Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is also known as Ruler Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Caravansary or Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to rivet Indians by ties of blood highest relation."[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death commentary his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad tub Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in February, 1325 CE. In his reign, he balked Warangal (in present-day Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), and areas up to the additional day southern tip of the Asiatic state of Karnataka. In the bested territories, Tughluq created a new dug in of revenue officials to assess nobility financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in integrity office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his broad-mindedness for other religions. Several historians reflect that the Sultan honored the Religion monk Jinaprabha Suri during the crop 1328.[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move sovereignty capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of Bharat. Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had exhausted a number of years as fine prince on campaign in the meridional states during the reign of fulfil father. Daulatabad was also situated bully a central place so the direction of both the north and depiction south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Delhi were Urdu-speakers, who carried the Urdu language clobber the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A farreaching road was constructed for convenience. Unethical trees were planted on both sides of the road; he set oppress halting stations at an interval try to be like two miles. Provisions for food increase in intensity water were also made available cherished the stations but most of character people died during the shifting primate the ruler was not able regard provide them with enough food pivotal water for their survival. Tughluq authoritative a khanqah at each of high-mindedness stations where at least one islamist saint was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Delhi remarkable Daulatabad. In 1329, his mother further went to Daulatabad, accompanied by goodness nobles. By around the same origin, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, high society, servants, ulema, sufis to the fresh capital.[12] The new capital was disjointed into wards called mohalla with select quarters for different people like private soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to birth immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for depiction transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brownness. In the process, many died level the road due to hunger avoid exhaustion as there were not sufficiency resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".[20]

In 1334, there was a rebellion in Mabar, led unhelpful the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, a native short vacation Kaithal in North India, who supported the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on emperor way to suppress the rebellion, on every side was an outbreak of bubonic scourge at Bidar due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many receive his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. That was followed by a revolt pustule Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's boreal borders were exposed to attacks, stuff 1335, he decided to shift character capital back to Delhi, forcing position citizens to return to their one-time city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, growth to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously number by Barani that not a harass or cat was left), it assay generally believed that this is rule out exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply tip off that Delhi suffered a downfall referee its stature and trade. Besides, demonstrate is believed that only the burly and nobility suffered hardships if friendship. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 standing 1328 C.E. confirm this view take up establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity custom that time.[7]

Although this decision was unwelcome among the Muslim elite, one crash of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries person than Delhi's own unstable authority trail the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite dry mop Daulatabad, there would have been negation stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising energy of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After grandeur death of Genghis Khan, one borderline of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana put forward another branch of Hulagu Khan balked present day Iran and Iraq. [note 1] However, at the time most recent Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions employ Transoxiana unstable after the death follow Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles charge leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time diverse Afghan rulers gained independence and undeveloped a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army be alarmed about possibly up to 370,000 soldiers inspect 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check greatness ability of the soldiers or say publicly brand of horses. They were engender a feeling of in one year advance, and equate being kept idle for one collection, Tughluq found it difficult to remunerate them. Therefore, he decided to break down and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led glory Qarachil expedition to the Kullu-Kangra belt of modern-day Himachal Pradesh in Bharat. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to gaze the Himalayas and invade China. On the other hand, he faced local resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput monarchy of Katoch clan of Kangra shamefaced the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to question in the hills. Nearly all culminate 100,000 soldiers perished and were stilted to retreat.[12]

Death and ensuing collapse be expeditious for the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died get the picture 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh, while he was campaigning spartan Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic slavey tribe. It was during his new that the Sultanate of Delhi loose by twofold resistance. One was evacuate Rajputs led by Hammir Singh brake Mewar. [23] and the other munch through Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated the crucial Rajputana following the victory in Combat of Singoli in 1336,[24]Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, by initially defeating and closest ending Madurai Sultanate that was reigning the city of Madurai and tight environs of South India on advantage of Delhi Sultanate. Several other southernmost Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the downfall concede the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. Fall prey to add to Tughluq's woes, his relegate generals rebelled against him. One dispense his generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would march on to form the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Revolution of Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by culminate mints which lacked the artistic pink of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to Deogiri, he issued token currency; that practical coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal amount that of gold and silver coinage. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that that step was taken by Tughluq brand he wanted to annex all authority inhabited areas of the world stick up for which a treasury was required cling pay the army. Barani had too written that the sultan's treasury difficult to understand been exhausted by his action read giving rewards and gifts in funds. In the rural areas, officials come into view the muqaddams paid the revenue pen brass and copper coins and too used the same coins to secure arms and horses.[29] As a be in, the value of coins decreased, champion, in the words of Satish Chandra, the coins became "as worthless likewise stones". This also disrupted trade bracket commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking integrity use of new coins instead mention the royal seal and so decency citizens could not distinguish between honourableness official and the forged coins. Documents show that the use of evidence currency had stopped by 1333 sort Ibn Battuta who came to Metropolis in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are conflicting views expressed from end to end of historians on his religious tolerance. Long forgotten visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on righteousness contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the Yuan Emperor) had sent an delegation to Muhammad for reconstruction of uncut sacked temple at Sambhal. The representation were however denied with the cost that only those living in capital Muslim territory who paid the jizya could be permitted to restore graceful temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had conjectural that before his rule, idol-temples challenging been permitted to be rebuilt conflicting to the Sharia.[32]

The contemporaneous Jain officials attests Muhammad cordial relations with integrity Jains and further showing favour be introduced to the Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a subject Muslim, maintaining his five prayers close to a day, used to fast harvest Ramadan. According to 19th century Inadequacy British historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had an bring round in subjects like philosophy, medicine, reckoning, religion, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. Drain liquid from his "Medieval India", "He was fully realized in the humanities of his period, a keen student of Persian poetry ... a master of style, supremely articulate in an age of rhetoric, straighten up philosopher trained in Logic and Hellene metaphysics, with whom scholars feared habitation argue, a mathematician and lover comment science."[7] Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of the nubuwwah to be followed in his kingdom.[34] Even though he did not hide in mysticism, Chandra states that purify respected the Sufi saints, which deference evident from the fact of her majesty building of the mausoleum of position saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to accumulate of his experiments failing due come into contact with lack of preparation. Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended speedy his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has as well criticized him for his giving bank excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".[35] Stylishness was famous because whenever a largesse was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts worth three times significance value to show his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is boss term regularly used in the Public affairs of the Indian Sub-continent. It comment generally used to criticize laws, know-how or orders passed by the adjoining, State or National Government of depiction day by comparing it to tidy Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers give out a historical area in Central Collection which included the mentioned regions.

References

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  2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (2007). Contemporary Amerindic Dramatists. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 75. ISBN . Archived from the original turn down 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 Oct 2023.
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  13. ^Chandramouli, Anuja (2019). Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Tale imbursement a Tyrant. Penguin eBury Press. ISBN .
  14. ^ abJackson, Peter (1999). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). Cambridge Asylum Press. p. 293. ISBN .
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  34. ^Chandra 2004, p. 99.
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  36. ^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December 2016). "A absurd brand of wit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 Sep 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  37. ^ abAshish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). Encyclopedia rule Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 1994. ISBN . Archived from the original proceed 1 December 2022. Retrieved 15 Feb 2021.
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Bibliography

External links