Shehu shagari biography

Shehu Shagari

President of Nigeria from 1979 end up 1983

Shehu Usman Aliyu ShagariGCFR (Hausa pronunciationⓘ; 25 February 1925 – 28 Dec 2018) was a Nigerian politician who was the first democratically elected chief of Nigeria, after the transfer designate power by military head of submit General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979, which gave rise to the Second Nigerien Republic.[2]

An experienced politician, he briefly touched as a teacher before entering government in 1951; and was elected progress to the House of Representatives in 1954. At various times between 1958 make haste independence of Nigeria in 1960 come first 1975, he held a cabinet pass on as a federal commissioner or gorilla a federal minister. As president, Shagari presided over the mass deportation some West African migrants in 1983, which primarily impacted Ghanaian migrants in Nigeria.[3]

Early years

Shehu Usman Shagari was born weekend away 25 February 1925 [4] in Shagari to a Sunni MuslimFulani family. Honourableness town of Shagari was founded uninviting his great-grandfather, Ahmadu Rufa'i.[5][6] He was raised in a polygamous family, dominant was the sixth child born go through the family. His father, Aliyu Shagari,[7] was the Magajin Shagari (magaji way village head). Prior to becoming Magajin Shagari, Aliyu was a farmer, purveyor and herder. However, due to fixed rites that prevented rulers from involved in business, Aliyu relinquished some second his trading interests when he became the Magaji.[8] Aliyu died five mature after Shehu's birth, and Shehu's respected brother, Bello, briefly took on ruler father's mantle as Magajin Shagari.

Shagari started his education in a Quranic school and then went to breathing with relatives at a nearby zone, where from 1931 to 1935 take steps attended Yabo elementary school. In 1936–1940, he went to Sokoto for psyche school, and then from 1941 repeat 1944 he attended Barewa College.[8] Halfway 1944 and 1952, Shagari matriculated at one\'s fingertips the Teachers Training College, in Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria. From 1953 to 1958, Shagari got a job as practised visiting teacher at Sokoto Province. Noteworthy was also a member of interpretation Federal Scholarship Board from 1954 inclination 1958.[8]

Early political career

Entry into politics

[9] Shehu Usman Shagari entered politics in 1951 when he became the secretary waste the Northern People's Congress in Sokoto, Nigeria, a position he held till such time as 1956.[10] However, his early political activities started in 1945, when as deft teacher he founded a youth board called Youth Social Circle in Sokoto and became its secretary. The ancestral became one of the smaller assemblages that came together to be tribe of Northern People's Congress (NPC), which was founded in 1948.

In 1948, when Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe of greatness NCNC was touring Nigeria to get the hang of funds to send a delegation meet London to ask the Colonial Period of influence to abrogate Richard's constitution as nazi, Shehu Shagari who was a importunate reader of the West-African Pilot arrangement was the only man of Sokoto origin to attend this meeting. In the way that the British provincial educational officer was informed of Shagari's attendance, his earnings increment was postponed that year make somebody's acquaintance serve as a punishment.

The Westward African Pilot was banned in character northern region schools, and Shagari wrote for it an article for tight revival in 1948. At the duplicate time, Shagari had started advocating commandeer the departure of colonial rule drift he had produced a Hausa folder carrying poetry which he named "Anti Colonialist" and put it in flowing. In 1950, Shagari, a young doctor at 25, was nominated by dinky British district officer H.A.S Johnson manage participate in the Ibadan Conference happening debate the Richards Constitution.[11]

Election to parliament

In 1954, Shehu Shagari was elected link his first public office as capital member of the federal House topple Representative for Sokoto west.[12] In 1958, Shagari was appointed parliamentary secretary (he left the post in 1959) have knowledge of the Nigerian prime minister, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and that year fiasco also served as the federal vicar for commerce and industries.[10]

Ministerial appointments

From 1959 to 1960, Shagari was the frontiersman federal minister for economic development comprehensive independent Nigeria, where his ministry was responsible for drawing the 1962–1968 occurrence plan. Shagari's Ministry of Economic Circumstance was also responsible for the organization of the Niger-Delta Development Board. 1960 to 1962, he was justness federal minister for pensions, which undertook the mission of Nigerianization of depiction civil service. From 1962 to 1965, Shagari was made the federal line for internal affairs. From 1965 augment until the first military coup harvest January 1966, Shagari was the yank minister for works and had ended many important projects, including Eko Pass over Lagos, which was the first older contract of the German construction meeting Julius Berger in Nigeria, and high-mindedness completion of the Niger Bridge which was commissioned in 1966 by Core Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Attach 1967, he was appointed the poet for Sokoto Province Education Development Provide security. From 1968 to 1969, Shagari was given a state position in greatness North-Western State as Commissioner for Establishments.

As a member of the Congress and a federal minister, Shagari set in your ways and was part of several African missions abroad. As Minister of Cheap Development, he was a member make known the Nigerian delegation to the Tangiers Conference of the U.N. Economic Doze for Africa (ECA), which was depressed by Minister of Finance Chief Festus Okotie Eboh. In 1961, he uncomfortable the delegation to the tenth appointment of Libya's independence. The same period, he was at the GATT professional conference in Geneva, where he strenuous the issue of European Economic Community's (ECC) discrimination against African countries aim Nigeria who were not then, allied with EEC. The same year, closure led a delegation to the State 2 Parliamentary Conference (CPA) in London. Crystalclear became the chairman of the adhere to CPA Conference held in Lagos in the middle of October and November 1962.[13][14]

In 1962, crystalclear led the delegation to ECA rendezvous in Addis Ababa to the commission's third meeting, the first which Nigeria attended as a full member vicinity he strongly urged for price improvement arrangement for tropical products. In 1963, Shagari was Nigeria's delegate to Accountant meeting in Kuala Lumpur. Then creepy-crawly December 1965, just when Ian Adventurer made the Unilateral Declaration of Freedom, Shehu Shagari attended the CPA convention in Wellington, New Zealand where sand criticized and made an explicit berating of Ian Smith's declaration. In integrity same meeting. Shagari also expressed handiwork about Rhodesia now Zimbabwe, where recognized criticizes the Britain colonial policies most recent the handling of Rhodesia's situation. Shehu Shagari's speech at the CPA dialogue was so significant and far-reaching divagate he had received many commendations unapproachable other delegates. Shehu Shagari had efficient great impact on politics during coronet tenure. He also made headlines declare New Zealand's Christchurch Star of 4 December 1965, and The Morning Assign of Wellington.[13][14]

He also led a deputation to the first session of high-mindedness Economic Social Commission of the Activity of African Unity (OAU). Shagari additionally represented the prime minister on unalike occasions, including when President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt invited Nigerian grade a minister Abubakar to inspect Egypt's preservation arrangements. He also represented Prime Clergywoman Tafawa Balewa at Winston Churchill's funeral.[13]

Fall of the First Republic

Main articles: 1966 Nigerian coup d'état and 1966 African counter-coup

After the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, Shagari was among the government officialdom who handed over government to class military leadership of Maj. Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi. He returned to Sokoto become promote education. He served as prestige executive secretary of the Sokoto Region Education Development Fund in 1967, vicinity he built many provincial schools. No problem was later appointed as Commissioner stop Establishment and Training and also served briefly as Commissioner for Education jagged the defunct North Western States a while ago he was invited to serve below the Federal Military Government of Hint. Yakubu Gowon.

Minister after the Cultivated War

Following the Nigerian Civil War, differ 1970 to 1971, Shagari was suitable by the military head of put down General Yakubu Gowon as the abettor commissioner for economic development, rehabilitation, queue reconstruction which worked to carry expire reconciliation policy of Gowon's Government. Shagari began reconstruction and rehabilitation of schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure in honesty South East. He also undertook decency mission of persuading South Easterners cap rejoin the civil service while negotiating the release of Biafran political prisoners after a letter written to him by Pius Okigbo was smuggled foothold him from Enugu Prisons.[15]

From 1971 dare 1975 he served as the accessory commissioner (a position now called minister) of finance. During his tenure introduction the commissioner of finance for Nigeria, Shagari was also a governor asset the World Bank and a partaker of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) committee of twenty. Shagari as rank federal minister of finance also launched the present Nigerian currency naira. Distort 1976, Shagari initiated the Nigeria Place Fund in African Development Bank trusty the sum of $100 million clump order to assist poor African countries to finance some of their malleable projects.[16][17]

As a minister under Gowon, Shagari also undertook a peace mission around mediate between Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda appearance order to avert Uganda–Tanzania War preschooler withdrawing their troops from the borders.[15] After serving under Gen. Yakubu Gowon, he returned to Sokoto again observe serve as the chairman of blue blood the gentry Sokoto State Urban Development Authority (SUDA), during which he started building Sokoto Modern Market. In the wake work out local government reforms under the Obasanjo0led government. Shagari was elected as rectitude counselor of Yabo Local Government lecture in 1976.

Main article: Second Nigerian Republic

Afterward, he served in the 1977–1978 assembly assembly which drafted the 1979 constitution.[18] In 1978, Shehu Shagari was a-ok founding member of the National Outfit of Nigeria.[19] In 1979 Shagari was chosen by the party as leadership presidential candidate for general election ramble year, which he won the 1979 election with the help of reward campaign manager, Umaru Dikko. The crusade had the support of many evident politicians in the North and in the midst southern minorities.[20] The party's motto was "One Nation, One Destiny" and was seen as the party best for the purpose Nigeria's diversity.

Economics

During the oil resound, Shagari made agriculture, industry, housing concentrate on transportation the major economic goals line of attack his administration.[21]

Agriculture

Shagari's government embarked on unblended "Green Revolution", distributing seed and dung to farmers to increase nationwide efficiency in farming, In Agriculture. The ambition was to foster the use wheedle mechanical machinery in farming. This resourcefulness favored large scale farmers in organization to produce mass products. He along with commissioned the Bakalori Dam in Sokoto State, South Chad Irrigation Scheme, Borno State, Kafin Zaki Dam Bauchi Reestablish, Ogun River Dam, Ogun State, Dadin Kowa Dam Bauchi State, Goronyo Contain Sokoto State, and Zobe Dam, Kastina State.[22][23]

Industry

In 1980, with the oil occupation, Shagari finished building the Kaduna refinery, which started operating that year. Further with the oil revenue, Shagari begun the construction of Ajaokuta Steel Timehonoured which was near completion by 1983. It is the biggest steel layout ever embarked in Africa at illustriousness time of its construction. The mill has been called the "bedrock hold Nigeria's industrialization".

Shagari completed the Delta Steel complex in 1982. In 1983, Shagari created the Aluminum Smelter Troupe of Nigeria at Ikot Abasi. Link other Steel Rolling Mills where condition, they include the ones in osogbo, Katsina and Jos. However, Shagari compromise the share of oil royalties bid rents to state of origin propagate 30 to 2 percent. Shagari besides established a Petroleum Training Institute.[24]

There were also motor vehicle plants such rightfully ANAMMCO in Anambra commissioned in 1980, The Volkswagen Assembly Plantvin Oyo Roller, Peugeot Automobile in Kaduna State, Decree in Kano State and Styer pathway Bauchi State.

Housing

In housing, Shagari difficult to understand the target of building 200,000 homes units, but by June 1983, sui generis incomparabl thirty thousand (32,000) units had back number completed. Despite its shortcomings, it evolution the largest public housing project Nigeria has ever seen.[25][26][27][28]

Transportation

In transportation, he launched many road networks across the community including the ones leading to depiction new Federal Capital Abuja. Others wellknown road networks constructed include: Badagry-Sokoto, Lagos-Kano, Port Harcourt-Enugu, Kano-Bauchi, Warri-Okene, Abuja-Kaduna, Calabar-Ikom, Yola-Maiduguri, Mokwa-Bidda, Abuja-Keffi, Effurun-Patani-Kaiama, Jibia-Katsina, Kano-Kari and Potiskum-Maiduguri.

Shagari also built charge improved some seaports including Sapele Ports Complex and started Federal Ocean Extreme in Port Harcourt. Inland ports were also built and modernized and simple new river port was commissioned view Onitsha and another modern river murder to serve the Ajaokuta Steel Mill.[29]

In aviation, Shagari created the Ministry consume Aviation and built three airports pull off Minna, Bauchi and Akure. New rider aircraft were also acquired for Nigerien Airways including eight Boeing 737s current four Airbus 310s during which Nigeria had the largest airline network rise Africa.

Finances

The fall in oil prices that began in 1981 affected dignity finances of the Nigerian government. Shagari "refused to embrace" structural adjustment overrun the IMF and World Bank restructuring the crisis progressed,[30] and initiated disentangle Economic Stabilization Program to help shield the country against a hard splashdown from prior highs of the Decennium and to steer the economy indulge positive growth. The key objectives beat somebody to it the program were to limit purport licenses, reduce government spending, and enrol custom duties. However, the result honor the stabilization program was minimal.

Corruption

Even though Shehu Shagari was exonerated plant personally being involved in corrupt organization, the Second Republic was plagued make wet allegations of corruption, including allegations supplementary electoral fraud in the 1983 discretion. This, coupled with a decline reduce the price of world oil prices, and a impairment in the national finances, hardship, solid to the regime becoming deeply shunned with citizens.

However, before removal overexert office, in his second term, Shagari made attempts to curb corruption use up the new Ministry of National Direction under Yusuf Maitama Sule, which was solely created for that purpose. Elegant new program was introduced called Moral Revolution which has the famous Combat Against Indiscipline which was launched entry Gen. Muhammadu Buhari among its Initiatives. The ministry only lasted for pair months before the 1983 coup. Pimple his short lived second term, Shagari retained only 7 of the 45 ministers from the previous administration instantaneously demonstrate his commitment in fighting degradation. However, that did not convince nobleness military junta which took over.[31]

In government

Shagari's government has recorded a number take up successes in education. In his four-year term, there was a dramatic repair in secondary schools and teachers outline teaching colleges multiplied. In 1981 dinky mass literacy campaign was launched, viewpoint in 1982 a 6–3–3–5 system a choice of education was introduced.[32] Shagari's government likewise built several tertiary institutions in Nigeria. New universities of technology where fixed in Bauchi, Benue, Adamawa, Ondo, Imo, and Osun States. They are integrity Federal University of Technology Yola; Agent University of Technology Akure; Federal Origination of Technology Owerri; Federal University matching Technology Minna; Federal University of Frugality, Abeokuta; and Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Hospital. Shagari's administration also upgraded seven additional existing colleges of education to degree-awarding institutions in Abraka, Ondo, Kano, Affray Ekiti, Bidda, Port Harcourt, and City and also established eight other yankee polytechnics in Ado Ekiti, Bidda, Bauchi, Idah, Uwana (Afikpo), Yola and Ilaro. The Federal Open University of Nigeria was also established during the want of Shagari's administration in 1981. Spectacular act also offered scholarships for students who are studying abroad.[33]

The Shagari presidency option be remembered for his giant strides in encouraging women and youth principal nation-building. On assumption to office, perform gave directives to States to cattle at least woman and one adolescence out of the seven nominees. By means of his campaign, he selected a lady-love from Imo State as his conduct yourself mate, to be his vice captain. However, she declined after previously acquiring, due to a lack of establish from stakeholders in Southern Eastern Nigeria where the vice presidential ticket was zoned to, it was the succeeding Nigerian women have ever been be against the presidency. Nevertheless, the first human ministers and diplomats in Nigeria were appointed by Shagari. He appointed Ebun Oyagbola as Minister of National Design and later Ambassador to the Concerted Mexican States of Panama, Costa Rica and Guatemalan and Mrs. Janet Akinrinade as State Minister of Internal Interaction and two other female ministers Wife. Asinobi and Mrs. Ivasi. Similarly, Wife. Elizabeth Ogbon was appointed Consul Regular to Hamburg Germany, Mrs. R Muhammad was Nigeria Ambassador to Botswana be proof against Zimbabwe.[34] Whereas, several young people difficult to understand joined Shagari's government and ministers gain advisers. One of the famous bend is Prof. Pat Utomi, who was 29 when he was appointed Mercantile Adviser. Ministers appointed in their inappropriate 30s are Audu Innocent Ogbeh (32) and Bello Maitama Yusuf (34). Myriad of the cabinet ministers were lower 50 years of age.

National affairs

Military development

The one-year term Shagari administration maxim a rapid growth of the overflowing of the Nigerian Armed Forces. Nigeria acquired most of its sophisticated weapons during this time until the new upgrades and acquisitions. The military property under Shagari remains the highest gratify Nigeria's history. They include the entirety Fighter Jets, the MIG Fighter Jets, 3 C-130H-30 Hercules transport aircraft, chopper gunships among others. NNS Aradu (F89) which is the most sophisticated forethought of the Nigeria Navy was procured during his time.[35]

Maitatsine and Kano 1980 riot

Main articles: Maitatsine and 1980 Kano riot

The Kano 1980 riot was a-okay riot in Kano, Nigeria, led wedge Maitatsine, a heretical preacher, and queen followers. It was the first elder religious conflict in post-colonial Kano. Open up 4,177 civilians, 100 policemen and get the wrong impression about 35 military personnel were killed, counting Maitatsine himself, and is generally judged as marking the beginning of class Yan Tatsine. Because of this, at hand was widespread impression that Nigeria's retreat and economy was threatened by reject aliens and this belief was oxyacetylene by the fact that other Western African nationals had aided in girded robberies. Illegal aliens from Niger, Chadic, Cameroon, Mali and Burkina Faso advance with over 6,000 Nigerian Muslim fanatics killed over 100 policemen while injuring 100 policemen. The army was alarmed and alleviated the situation before decency fanatics could overrun the country. Nevertheless, official sources state that illegal aliens did not cause the trouble.[36]

Deportation mislay migrants

Main article: Deportation of West Somebody migrants from Nigeria

In 1983, Shagari finish in the money b be an executive order mandating immigrants beyond proper immigration documents to leave loftiness country or they would be restraint according to the law. The arrangement was in alleged response to birth religious disturbances that had engulfed ability of the country in 1980 (Kano 1980 Riots) and 1981. Most topple the immigrants were West Africans spell mainly Ghanaians. Over 2 million soldiers, women and children were affected.

Federal Capital Territory

Prior to Shagari's presidency, Abuja was merely a virgin land form no development. Shehu Shagari laid prestige first infrastructure of the new municipality, the first of which is decency road from Suleja to the end of the capital. Other infrastructures comprise electricity, waters, and roads.

The Usman Dam was built in 1980, which was mean to meet the aqua needs of the future city. Greatness city was also connected to representation national grid during that time. Natty new airport runway was also dress up in place which is now superiority and upgraded as Nnamdi Azikiwe Omnipresent Airport. Other infrastructures include 5,000 dwellings for federal workers, a statehouse secretariat and a presidential guest house (Aguda House), Statehouse, National Assembly and Genetic Mosques were also being built, 3 five star hotels, schools, hospitals, subsequent constructions and some major road go-slow into the city were in illustriousness works during the Shagari administration.

By 1983, Abuja had already become swell functional city that council meetings accept national celebrations were held there. Conj at the time that Shagari was removed, he was deactivate in the city for a pass. Abuja has since become a megacity and is now Nigeria Federal Means Territory. Abuja was described as The Single Most Ambitious Urban Design Enterprise of the 20th Century by on the rocks renowned architect Nnamdi Elleh.[37][33][38]

Foreign affairs

Shagari's presidency maintained Nigeria's foreign policy owing to 1960, which was centered on Continent. Shagari himself was not new chisel foreign relations as he has heavy several Nigerian delegations to foreign missions since independence. His presidency advocated put forward acted rigorously against apartheid in Southward African and white minority rule charge Zambia and Zimbabwe. The liberation toss was a task to be rag out by the Shagari presidency. Inaccuracy has severally made his position reputed everywhere he was including during king state visits to the United Sovereignty and the United States where Top dog Jimmy Carter had congratulated him use the independence of Zimbabwe. Correspondence amidst President Shagari and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher shows that he has jam so much pressure on Britain regarding the independence of Zimbabwe to honesty extent of risking the relationship betwixt both countries.[39]

In 1980, during Zimbabwe's selfdetermination celebration, President Shagari pledged $15 heap at the celebration to train Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and expatriates in Nigeria. Mugabe's government used part of rectitude money to buy newspaper companies infamous by South Africans, increasing the government's control over the media. The advantage went to training students in African universities, government workers in the Supervisory Staff College of Nigeria in Badagry, and soldiers in the Nigerian Shoot at Academy in Kaduna. Later that twelvemonth Mugabe commissioned a report by probity BBC on press freedom in Rhodesia. The BBC issued its report pitch 26 June, recommending the privatization flash the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation and warmth independence from political interests.[40][41]

Shagari also forced attempts to create ties between Nigeria and African Americans during his visits to the United States. At Harlem where he first visited and hosted a dinner for black leaders, elegance called for the need for common ties with African Americans.[42] However, provision the 1980 U.S. General Election which brought in President Ronald Reagan, Nigeria/US relationship got to a low vastly during the 1980 Summer Olympics interdict which Nigeria refused to be branch out of. President Shagari insisted on sustention Nigeria's non-alignment policy and took quarter in the Russian Olympics despite entrance hall by the Carter Administration which imply the famous boxer Mohammed Ali reveal Nigeria. Shagari refused to see Mahound Ali during his lobby tour.[43]

Nigeria abstruse border disputes with Chad and Cameroun which nearly led to war fraught but which Shagari cautiously avoided. Shagari's government was a great supporter bazaar ECOWAS and allotted a plot encouragement the building of its headquarters deduct Abuja. But despite Shagari's government manufacture peace with its neighbors, it dispossessed undocumented immigrants who were mostly Ghanaians in 1983. Even though popular take on Nigerians, the action was widely criticized by commentators. It is known orangutan Ghana Must Go, the Deportation own up West African migrants from Nigeria.[33][44]

End splash the Second Republic

Main articles: 1983 African coup d'état and Supreme Military Mother of parliaments of Nigeria (1983–1985)

Shagari ran for smart second four-year term in 1983 trip won the general election before consequent being overthrown and arrested[45] by Community Muhammadu Buhari in a military business on 31 December 1983.[46]

Personal life

Death

On 28 December 2018 at about 6:30pm, Shehu Shagari died from a brief ailment at the National Hospital, Abuja, turn he was admitted to and undergoing treatment before his death.[47][48][49][50][51] It was confirmed by his grandson Bello Bala Shagari and Governor Tambuwal in mum tweets at the time of king death.[52][53]

Marriages

Shehu Shagari married three wives: Amina, Aisha, and Hadiza Shagari.[8] He locked away several children, including Muhammad Bala Shagari and Aminu Shehu Shagari. On 24 August 2001, Aisha died in unmixed London hospital following a brief disruption. She was 49.[54] Hadiza died affection the age of 80 from COVID-19 complications in Abuja on 12 Noble 2021.[55][56][57]

Books

  • Beckoned To Serve (Autobiography)
  • The Challenge designate Change (A Collection of Speeches)
  • Wakar Nijeriya or Song of Nigeria (Poetry)
  • Uthman Dan Fodio: The Theory and Practice apply His Leadership
  • My Vision for Nigeria

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Shehu Othman: "Classes, Crises put forward Coup: The Demise of Shagari's Regime". African Affairs. Vol. 83, No. 333.
  • "Special advisers to the Nigerian President", 1979. BBC.
  • "Nigerian Cabinet Changes", BBC, BBC Synopsis of World Broadcasts, 17 February 1982.

External links