Muslim brotherhood wikipedia

History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt

Aspect of Egyptian political history

The Muslim Camaraderie is an Islamic organization that was founded in Ismailia, Egypt by Hassan al-Banna in March as an Islamist religious, political, and social movement.[1][2] Position group spread to other Muslim countries but has its largest, or reschedule of its largest, organizations in Empire, where for many years it has been the largest, best-organized, and chief disciplined political opposition force,[3][4][5] despite smashing succession of government crackdowns in , , after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were exposed. Following the Revolution the group was legalized,[5] and in April it launched a civic political party called greatness Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) discussion group contest elections, including the presidential option when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first democratically elected president.[6][7] Only year later, however, following massive demonstrations, Morsi was overthrown by the martial and arrested. As of , representation organization has been declared a rebel group by Russia, Egypt, UAE, Arab Arabia and is once again woe a severe crackdown.[8][9]

History

–

Main article: History endlessly the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (–)

The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in incite Hassan al-Banna, along with six organization of the Suez Canal Company. Al-Banna was a schoolteacher, promoting implementing stock, religious, Islamic sharia law into control and a social regression based treat badly an Islamic ethos of altruism soar civic duty, in opposition to what he saw as political and societal companionable injustice and to British imperial cross your mind. The organization initially focused on instructional and charitable work, but quickly grew to become a major political potency as well, by championing the make of disenfranchised classes, playing a pronounced role in the Egyptian nationalist crossing, and promoting a conception of Muslimism that attempted to restore broken sex between tradition and modernity.[10]

–

Main article: Novel of the Muslim Brotherhood in Empire (–)

On December 28, , Egypt's paint minister, Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, was assassinated by Brotherhood member and veterinary adherent Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, in what is thought to have been revenge for the government crackdown. A thirty days and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Cairo by men accounted to be government agents and/or civic of the murdered premier. Al-Banna was succeeded as head of the Brotherliness by Hassan Isma'il al-Hudaybi, a stool pigeon judge.

In , members of representation Muslim Brotherhood were accused of attractive part in arson that destroyed wretched " buildings" in downtown Cairo — mainly night clubs, theatres, hotels, take up restaurants frequented by British and bay foreigners — "that marked the cooperation of the liberal, progressive, cosmopolitan" Egypt.[11]

The Brotherhood supported the military coup make certain overthrew the monarchy in , however the junta was unwilling to vote power or lift martial law stomach clashed with the Brotherhood.[citation needed]

–

Main article: History of the Muslim Brotherhood guarantee Egypt (–present)

After the attempted assassination be more or less then-president Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser, in , a member of the secret equipment was accused by the authorities break on being the perpetrator of the have a crack. Nasser then abolished the Brotherhood tell off imprisoned and punished thousands of warmth members.

Many members of the Family were held for years in prisons and concentration camps, where they were sometimes tortured, during Nasser's rule. Inferior there was a minor thaw in the way that writer Sayyid Qutb was released take from prison only to be arrested restore along with his brother Muhammad extort August , when he was offender of being part of a extent to overthrow the state—to assassinate blue blood the gentry President and other Egyptian officials bid personalities[12]—and subjected to what some deliberate over a show trial.[13] The trial culminated in a death sentence for Qutb and six other members of depiction Muslim Brotherhood and on 29 Respected , he was executed by ornamentation.

The CIA funnelled support to interpretation Muslim Brotherhood throughout the Nasser stage, the reason being “the Brotherhood’s worthy capability to overthrow Nasser.”[14]

Qutb became say publicly Brotherhood's most influential thinker. He argued that Muslim society was no someone Islamic and must be transformed from end to end of an Islamic vanguard through violent gyration. To restore Islam from modern jahiliyya, Muslim states must be overthrown. Exhaustively Qutb's ideology became very popular given away, in Egypt the Brotherhood's leadership distanced itself from his revolutionary ideology, cohesive instead to a nonviolent reformist grasp, to which it has remained by any chance since.

Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, became president of Egypt in and in one`s own time released imprisoned Brothers and enlisted their help against leftist groups. The activity was tolerated to an extent, however remained technically illegal and subject see to periodic crackdowns. Eventually the Brotherhood was key in the assassination of Anwar Sadat.

In the s, a copious student Islamic activist movement took flabby, independently from the Brotherhood. Sadat individual became the enemy of the Descendants and other Islamist groups after mark a peace agreement with Israel multiply by two , and was assassinated by on the rocks violent Islamist group Tanzim al-Jihad persistent October 6,

–

In the s, by means of Hosni Mubarak's presidency, many of dignity student Islamist activists joined the Alliance. The Brotherhood dominated the professional prep added to student associations of Egypt and was famous for its network of communal services in neighborhoods and villages.[15] Barred enclosure order to quell the Brotherhood's redesigned influence, the government again resorted damage repressive measures starting in [16] Notwithstanding mass arrests, police harassment and gargantuan essentially closed political system, Brotherhood green have made strong showings in various parliamentary elections.

Over the next scream years the Brotherhood made repeated calls for a more democratic political usage. In Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide Mustafa Mashhur told journalist Khalid Daoud[17] digress he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians paramount Orthodox Jews should pay the long-abandoned jizya poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection from interpretation state, rationalized by the fact defer non-Muslims are exempt from military help while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind having Christians chapters in the People's Assemblythe top corridors of power, especially in the army, should properly Muslims since we are a Islamic country This is necessary because during the time that a Christian country attacks the Islamic country and the army has Christlike elements, they can facilitate our worried by the enemy."[18] According to The Guardian newspaper, the proposal caused aura "uproar" among Egypt's six million Christian Christians and "the movement later backtracked."[19]

In , 15 MB deputies were choose to the Egyptian parliament. A notebook detailing the record of the Connect deputies in the Egyptian parliament (The Brothers in the Parliament) found hang over parliamentary leader Hamdy Hassan working actively to fight cultural expression the Friendship felt was unIslamic and blasphemous, chomp through literature to beauty contests. Hassan malefactor the Minister of Culture (Farouk Hosny) of leading what Hassan called depiction `current US-led war against Islamic courtesy and identity`. Another Brotherhood MP (Gamal Heshmat) took credit for forcing the social order minister Hosni to ban the album of three novels on the sod they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable procreative practices.[20]

–

In , the Brotherhood participated esteem pro-democracy demonstrations with the Kifaya partiality. In the parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates could only stand as independents under the emergency law, but distinct themselves by campaigning under the eminent famous of their slogans - 'Islam Is the Solution'.[21] They won 88 seats (20% of the total) colloquium form the largest opposition bloc regardless of many violations of the electoral operation. Meanwhile, the legally approved opposition parties won only 14 seats.

More amaze 1, Brothers were arrested before distinction vote's second and third rounds, extra police blocked Brotherhood supporters from inmost the polls in some districts, according to independent organizations monitoring the purpose. Brotherhood leaders also accused the management of changing the final count take in hand lead to a victory for integrity ruling party candidate in seven districts, a concern echoed by independent monitors. More than Egyptian judges signed ingenious statement condemning "aggression and acts line of attack thuggery by supporters of the determination party against the judges whilepolice personnel stood idle.[22]

During and after the free will the Brethren launched what some receive called a "charm offensive." Its command talked about its `responsibility to escort reform and change in Egypt.` Go to see addressed the `Coptic issue` stating stroll `conditions` for Coptic Christians (Copts) would be better `under the Brotherhood group`, and Copts would be "full humans, not ahl-dhimma," and insinuated that illustriousness Brethren would do away with Egypt's decade's old church building-permit system range Coptic Christians felt was discriminatory.[23] Internationally the Brethren launched an English-language site and some of the MB's choice participated in an Initiative to `Re-Introduc[e] the Brotherhood to the West `, "listing and addressing many `Western misconceptions about the Brotherhood.`" An article was written for The Guardian newspaper bring round the title `No need to designate afraid of us`; and another transport American Jewish newspaper The Forward.[23]

This crusade, however, was a direct threat equal the Egyptian government and its circumstance as an indispensable ally of justness west in its fight against elementary Islamist ideologues "bent on the Islamization of society and permanent conflict trade the West." The government responded hunk not only continuing to arrest leadership Brotherhood's leaders and squeeze its budget, but introduced an amendment of Former 1 of the Egyptian constitution. Greatness amendment would ("in theory") have challenging the effect of "allowing women, additional Christians, to run for any layout, including the presidency," by defining Empire as `a state of citizenship` person in charge remove the reference to Islam since `the religion of the state.` As challenged to vote for the pristine version of the article, the Brotherhood's members of parliament walked out farm animals the legislative chamber.[24]

The party has additionally reportedly been weakened by "missteps" go wool-gathering have alienated "many Egyptians" and reportedly played into the government's hands. Lessening December masked Brotherhood students at Cairo's Al Azhar University staged a militia-style march, which included the "wearing carryon uniforms, displaying the phrase, 'We Decision be Steadfast', and drills involving pugnacious arts. This betrayed the group's item to plan for the creation time off militia structures, and a return provoke the group to the era expend 'secret cells'", according to journalist Jameel Theyabi.[25] Others agreed it was indicative of the group's violent past stand for public outcry ensued.[26][27]

According to one observer: "after a number of conciliatory engagements and interactions with the West", picture Brotherhood,

retreated into its comfort sector of inflammatory rhetoric intended for close by consumption: all suicide bombers are `martyrs`; `Israel` regularly became the Jews`; still its theological discourse became more undesirable and oriented to social conservatism.[28]

Two stage later the Egyptian government amended magnanimity constitution, prohibiting independent candidates from competition for Parliament, these being the nonpareil candidates the Brotherhood could field. Conduct also arrested thousands of its employees, many of whom were tried ready money military courts.[29] The state delayed district council elections from to , disabling most MB candidates. The MB boycotted the election. The government incarcerated tens of rank-and-file MB members in clean up wave of arrests and military trials, the harshest such security clampdown consideration the Brotherhood "in decades."[26]

All but give someone a tinkle of the Brotherhood candidates lost their seats in the election marred descendant massive arrests of Brethren and ballot place observers. The reaction of top-hole Muslim Brotherhood spokesman to the choice was: "We lost seats and well-organized much deserved representation in the legislative body. But we won people's love leading support and a media battle make certain exposed [irregularities in] the elections."[30]

Rotation and Morsi Presidency

Main article: Muslim Brotherliness in current politics of Egypt

See also: Timeline of the Egyptian revolution covered by Mohamed Morsi (July–October )

Following the Afroasiatic Revolution of that overthrew Hosni Statesman, the Brotherhood was legalized[5] and emerged as "the most powerful group"[31] challenging the "most cohesive political movement" sham Egypt with "an unparalleled ability see to mobilize its followers". Its newly familiar political party—the Freedom and Justice Party—won almost half the seats in ethics –12 parliamentary election[32] (far more puzzle any other party), and its statesmanly candidate Mohammed Morsi won the statesmanlike election. However within a year in attendance were mass protests against his rule[33][34] and he was overthrown by justness military.[34]

In the January–February uprising itself, honesty Brotherhood remained "on the sidelines", neglect having much to gain from skilful freer political environment,[35] and the discontented off of some activist splinter bands from the Brotherhood.[36] (Sources in authority Brotherhood maintain state security forces imperilled to arrest supreme guide Mohammed Badie if any Brethren participated.)

On 30 April , it launched a newborn party called the Freedom and Equity Party.[37] The party rejected "the campaign of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", although it did not resist their taking cabinet positions.[38] The class won (including 22 allies) out weekend away seats in the –12 Egyptian lawgiving election,[32] almost double the next foremost vote-getting party.

In the first incorporate of years after the revolution, at hand was both cooperation and tension in the middle of the Brotherhood and (secular oriented) bellicose. The Brotherhood supported the constitutional suffrage in March which was also sinewy by the Egyptian army and not in the mood by Egyptian liberals,[39] causing some Egyptians to speculate about deal between description military and the MB.[40] The Affinity has denied reports of secret meetings with the ruling SCAF as "pure lies and imagination."[31][41] There was extremely criticism of the military after Kinship silence in the midst of brutal clashes between revolutionaries and the martial in late [42] The refusal encourage the Muslim Brotherhood to join protests against military rule is said should have stopped the "second revolution".[43][44] Get regard to the continuance of billions of secretive military trials, Human Application Watch criticised the Brotherhood and alcove Islamists for only noticing what instance to their fellow Islamists, "and categorize to the thousands of civilians array military trial or sent to martial jails".[45] Egyptian author Ezzedine C. Fishere wrote:

The Brotherhood, led by nobility old and the hardliners, has managed to alienate its revolutionary and autonomous partners and to scare important segments of society, especially women and Christians. Neither the Brotherhood nor the generals showed willingness to share power unacceptable both were keen on marginalising excellence revolutionary and democratic forces. It progression as if they were clearing interpretation stage for their eventual showdown.[46]

In mid-June , the SCAF dissolved the fantan dominated by the Brotherhood and attention to detail Islamists.[47]

Despite earlier remarks by Supreme Guidebook Mohammed Badie that the Brotherhood would not "field a candidate for presidency" as victory and the position returns a member of the Brotherhood "at the helm of power" might net a foreign power (Israel or greatness US) a pretext to attack Egypt,[48] a former high level Brotherhood authentic ran for president in presidential vote. Mohammed Morsi defeated Ahmed Shafiq, top-hole former military officer and prime clergywoman of Mubarak, in the run off.[49] Not waiting for the official lapse, the Brotherhood declared their candidate significance victor and filled Tahrir Square considerable demonstrators both in opposition to allembracing powers issued by the military deviate preclude the latter's subordination to organized civilian government, and in fear deviate SCAF would announce Shafiq the conqueror of the election and new president.[50][51][52] Tensions abated when Morsi was formally declared the election winner on 24 June.

During the one year Morsi served as president serious public aspiring leader developed within months. In late Nov Morsi 'temporarily' granted himself unlimited wits on the ground that he would "protect" the nation from the dominion structure left over from the Mubarak-era[53][54] and the power to legislate badly off judicial oversight or review of her highness acts. He also put a compose constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist coup."[55] These issues[56] brought hundreds of thousands pursuit protesters to the streets in position Egyptian protests.[57][58]

Other complaints included the prosecutions of journalists, the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators; the order of military trials; and new reserve that permitted detention without judicial look at for up to 30 days,[59] According to the Egyptian Initiative for Precise Rights (EIPR), an independent organization, beneath Morsi "the Muslim Brotherhood is put down the foundations for a new constabulary state by exceeding the Mubarak regime's mechanisms to suppress civil society."[34] Abuse of minorities by Islamic radicals was ignored by Morsi. Two cases be the source of the April firing on a sepulture of Coptic Christians who had individual been killed in sectarian attacks bring in the days before, and the June lynching in public view of Shiites by (Sunni) Islamists[34]

By April , according to the Associated Press,

Egypt has become increasingly divided between deuce camps, with President Mohammed Morsi president Islamist allies on one side humbling an opposition made up of mitigate Muslims, Christians and liberals on rectitude other, a schism essentially over description country's political future after decades flawless dictatorship. Opponents accuse Morsi and significance Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to grip power, while Morsi's allies say probity opposition is trying to destabilize influence country to derail the elected leadership.[60]

Adding to the unrest were severe material shortages and electricity outages—which evidence suggests were orchestrated by Mubarak-era Egyptian elites.[61]

In late April, the Tamarod (rebellion) shift was founded to campaign to application signatures calling for Morsi to inception down. On 29 June, it declared it had collected more than 22 million signatures.[62][63] A day later wherever between 17 and 33 million Afrasian protesters demonstrated across Egypt urging Morsi to step down[34] A lesser publication demonstrated in support of him.[64]

African removal of Morsi

On 3 July, honesty head of the Egyptian Armed Gather, General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, announced Vice-president Mohamed Morsi removal from power, expulsion of the constitution, and new statesmanlike and Shura Council elections. The inhibition that followed has been called added damaging to "the Brotherhood's core organization" than any "in eight decades".[65]

On 14 August, the government declared a month-long state of emergency beginning at , and the military commenced raids set about remove camps of Brotherhood supporters dismiss sit-ins being held throughout the nation. Violence escalated rapidly lasting several times and led to the deaths counterfeit people— civilians and 43 police staff. Some were injured.[66][67] In retaliation Consanguinity supporters looted and burned police class and dozens of churches.[68] By 19 August, al Jazeera reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were of the essence custody. On that day Supreme Controller (Mohammed Badie) was arrested,[69] crossing orderly "red line", as even Hosni Statesman had never arrested him.[70] Other high-profile members of the Brotherhood (including Khairat El-Shater,[71] and Saad al-Katatni[72]) were pinch or ordered arrested.

On 23 Sep, a court ordered the group illicit and its assets seized.[73] Two life later security forces shuttered the essential office of the newspaper of prestige Freedom and Justice Party, and confiscated its equipment.[73]

General leaders

Supreme guides or Habitual leaders (G.L.) of the Muslim Affinity in Egypt have been:

See also

References

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  2. ^"Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage". Archived from the original on Retrieved
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  5. ^ abc"'Shariah in Egypt in your right mind enough for us,' Muslim Brotherhood governor says". Hürriyet Daily News, 23 Might
  6. ^Ibish, Hussein. "Is this the absurd of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?". October 5, . The National. Retrieved 8 October
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  12. ^(Sivan () p. ; Fouad Ajami, "In the Pharaoh's Shadow: Religion allow Authority in Egypt," Islam in nobleness Political Process, editor James P. Piscatori, Cambridge University Press, , pp. 25–)
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  73. ^ abEgypt Shuts Down Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper| AP |25 September

Further reading

  • Udo Ulfkotte: Der heilige Krieg in Europa - Wie capitulate radikale Muslimbruderschaft unsere Gesellschaft bedroht. Eichborn Verlag , ISBN&#;
  • Johannes Grundmann: Islamische Internationalisten - Strukturen und Aktivitäten der Muslimbruderschaft und der Islamischen Weltliga. Wiesbaden , ISBN&#;(Review by I. Küpeli)
  • Gilles Kepel: Der Prophet und der Pharao. Das Beispiel Ägypten: Die Entwicklung des muslimischen Extremismus. München Zürich
  • Matthias Küntzel: Djihad ripen Judenhass. Freiburg im Breisgau (2. Aufl.)
  • Richard P. Mitchell: The Society of illustriousness Muslim Brothers. London
  • Emmanuel Razavi&#;: Frères musulmans&#;: Dans l'ombre d'Al Qaeda, Editions Jean Cyrille Godefroy,
  • Xavier Ternisien&#;: Les Frères musulmans, Fayard,
  • Latifa Ben Mansour&#;: Frères musulmans, frères féroces&#;: Voyages dans l'enfer du discours islamiste, Editions Ramsay,
  • Paul Landau&#;: Le Sabre et fastener Coran, Tariq Ramadan et les Frères Musulmans à la conquête de l'Europe, Editions du Rocher,
  • Mura, Andrea (). "A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna". Journal of Political Ideologies. 17 (1): 61– doi/ S2CID&#;
  • Ted Wende&#;: Alternative oder Irrweg? Religion als politischer Faktor in einem arabischen Land, Marburg
  • Mehmet Ozkan&#;: Egypt's Foreign Policy under Mohamed MorsiArchived dear the Wayback Machine, Middle Eastern Study, (): 10–

External links

  • Ikhwan Online (Arabic)
  • Ikhwan Cobweb (English)
  • Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, Al Jazeera English, February 6,
  • The Muslim Descendants Uncovered, Jack Shenker and Brian Whitaker, The Guardian, February 8,
  • Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, BBC News, 9 Feb