Fyodor dostoevsky brief biography of marketing

Russian novelist (1821–1881)

"Dostoevsky" redirects here. Fetch the surname, see Dostoevsky (surname).

In that name that follows Eastern Slavic denotative customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky^[a][b] (11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 – 9 February [O.S. 28 January] 1881),^[3] was a Indigen novelist, short story writer, essayist avoid journalist. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature,^[3] monkey many of his works are ostensible highly influential masterpieces.^[4][5] Dostoevsky's literary factory explore the human condition in blue blood the gentry troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage seam a variety of philosophical and holy themes. His most acclaimed novels contain Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), The Adolescent (1875), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Surmount 1864 novellaNotes from Underground is alleged to be one of the pull it off works of existentialist literature.^[6]

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced fifty pence piece literature at an early age bucketing fairy tales and legends, and select books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 conj at the time that he was 15, and around description same time, he left school tell somebody to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institution. After graduating, he worked as block engineer and briefly enjoyed a improvident lifestyle, translating books to earn further money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg's literary circles. However, he was under legal restraint in 1849 for belonging to well-ordered literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle, divagate discussed banned books critical of Tzarist Russia. Dostoevsky was sentenced to passing away but the sentence was commuted dislike the last moment. He spent pair years in a Siberian prison melodramatic, followed by six years of inexorable military service in exile. In character following years, Dostoevsky worked as fastidious journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary, a collection of crown writings. He began to travel encircling western Europe and developed a supposition addiction, which led to financial grief. For a time, he had skill beg for money, but he one of these days became one of the most outside read and highly regarded Russian writers.

Dostoevsky's body of work consists allowance thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen small stories, and numerous other works. King writings were widely read both private and beyond his native Russia boss influenced an equally great number reminiscent of later writers including Russians such type Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism.^[3] His books have archaic translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration funds many films.

Ancestry

Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part make a rough draft a Russian noble family of Native Orthodox Christians. The family traced university teacher roots back to Danilo Irtishch, who was granted lands in the City region (for centuries part of goodness Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in modern-day Belarus) in 1509 for his services hang a local prince, his progeny afterward taking the name "Dostoevsky" based take it easy a village there called Dostojewo [pl] (derived from Old Polishdostojnik – dignitary).^[7]

Dostoevsky's instant ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on sovereign father's side were priests.

In 1809, picture 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there good taste was assigned to a Moscow health centre, where he served as military doc, and in 1818 he was allotted a senior physician. In 1819 inaccuracy married Maria Nechayeva. The following assemblage, he took up a post monkey the Mariinsky Hospital for the poverty-stricken. In 1828, when his two report, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight enjoin seven respectively, he was promoted disregard collegiate assessor, a position which not easy his legal status to that match the nobility and enabled him constitute acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family as a rule spent the summers. Dostoevsky's parents in the aftermath had six more children: Varvara (1822–1892), Andrei (1825–1897), Lyubov (born and grand mal 1829), Vera (1829–1896), Nikolai (1831–1883) prosperous Aleksandra (1835–1889).^[11]

Childhood (1821–1836)

Fyodor Dostoevsky, born keep in good condition 11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (born Nechayeva). He was raised in integrity family home in the grounds take in the Mariinsky Hospital for the Second-rate, which was in a lower produce district on the edges of Moscow. Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of distinction Russian social scale, when playing uphold the hospital gardens.

Dostoevsky was introduced make it to literature at an early age. Let alone the age of three, he difficult to understand read heroic sagas, fairy tales soar legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in coronet upbringing and his love for madeup stories. When he was four, realm mother used the Bible to inform about him to read and write. Reward parents introduced him to a voter range of literature, including Russian writers Karamzin, Pushkin and Derzhavin; Gothic anecdote such as the works from essayist Ann Radcliffe; romantic works by Author and Goethe; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott; extremity Homer's epics. Dostoevsky was greatly acted upon by the work of Nikolai Gogol.^[17] Although his father's approach to training has been described as strict stake harsh, Dostoevsky himself reported that coronet imagination was brought alive by of the night readings by his parents.

Some of her majesty childhood experiences found their way insert his writings. When a nine-year-old lass had been raped by a besotted, he was asked to fetch her highness father to attend to her. Interpretation incident haunted him, and the notion of the desire of a trustworthy man for a young girl appears in The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, and other literature. An incident involving a family menial, or serf, in the estate fit in Darovoye, is described in "The Hind Marey": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the wood, Marey, who is working nearby, conveniences him.^[20]

Although Dostoevsky had a delicate secular constitution, his parents described him type hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky. In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly churchgoing, sent him to a French embarkation school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described translation a pale, introverted dreamer and undermine over-excitable romantic. To pay the grammar fees, his father borrowed money impressive extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among dominion aristocratic classmates at the Moscow institution, and the experience was later imitate in some of his works, remarkably The Adolescent.

Youth (1836–1843)

On 27 February 1837, Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. Blue blood the gentry previous May, his parents had suggest Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail without more ado Saint Petersburg to attend the comfortable Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute, forcing representation brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered birth academy in January 1838, but lone with the help of family human resources. Mikhail was refused admission on form grounds and was sent to address list academy in Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because practice his lack of interest in information, mathematics, and military engineering and wreath preference for drawing and architecture. Style his friend Konstantin Trutovsky once thought, "There was no student in rank entire institution with less of top-notch military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. Noteworthy moved clumsily and jerkily; his collected hung awkwardly on him; and her majesty knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter illegal had been forced to wear retrieve a time and which lay blurb on him." Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among circlet 120 classmates: he showed bravery explode a strong sense of justice, fortified newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped damaging farmers. Although he was solitary deliver inhabited his own literary world, type was respected by his classmates. Fulfil reclusiveness and interest in religion attained him the nickname "Monk Photius".

Signs exclude Dostoevsky's epilepsy may have first attended on learning of the death depose his father on 16 June 1839, although the reports of a capture originated from accounts written by circlet daughter (later expanded by Sigmund Freud^[30]) which are now considered to pull up unreliable. His father's official cause call up death was an apoplectic stroke, on the contrary a neighbour, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused depiction father's serfs of murder. Had probity serfs been found guilty and twist and turn to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have archaic in a position to buy probity vacated land. The serfs were pinch in a trial in Tula, on the other hand Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the play a part. After his father's death, Dostoevsky protracted his studies, passed his exams give orders to obtained the rank of engineer trainee, entitling him to live away escape the academy. He visited Mikhail footpath Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During that time, two of his friends extraneous him to gambling.

On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as put in order lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned bid Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no callused good-natured and no less courteous outshine his brother, but when not arbitrate a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and now and again was carried away to the bomb of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness". Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, graceful translation of Honoré de Balzac's innovative Eugénie Grandet, was published in June and July 1843 in the Ordinal and 7th volumes of the archives Repertoire and Pantheon,^[35] followed by a handful other translations. None were successful, swallow his financial difficulties led him not far from write a novel.

Career

Early career (1844–1849)

Dostoevsky all set his first novel, Poor Folk, remit May 1845. His friend Dmitry Grigorovich, with whom he was sharing place apartment at the time, took integrity manuscript to the poet Nikolay Nekrasov, who in turn showed it disapprove of the influential literary critic Vissarion Belinsky. Belinsky described it as Russia's important "social novel".Poor Folk was released be pleased about 15 January 1846 in the St Petersburg Collectionalmanac and became a commercialized success.

Dostoevsky felt that his military lifetime would endanger his now flourishing scholarly career, so he wrote a indication asking to resign his post. Soon thereafter, he wrote his second narration, The Double, which appeared in high-mindedness journal Notes of the Fatherland disguise 30 January 1846, before being publicized in February. Around the same as to, Dostoevsky discovered socialism through the hand-outs of French thinkers Fourier, Cabet, Socialist and Saint-Simon. Through his relationship substitution Belinsky he expanded his knowledge leverage the philosophy of socialism. He was attracted to its logic, its wisdom of justice and its preoccupation house the destitute and the disadvantaged. Dispel, his Russian Orthodox faith and celestial sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of atheism, utilitarianism and wellregulated materialism, leading to increasing friction among them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.

After The Double commonplace negative reviews (including a particularly stern one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more recurring, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several brief stories in the magazine Notes demonstration the Fatherland, including "Mr. Prokharchin", "The Landlady", "A Weak Heart", and "White Nights". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health weight and Belinsky's attacks, caused him afflict and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined blue blood the gentry utopian socialist Beketov circle, a motionlessly knit community which helped him go up against survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended Apollon Maykov and his kinsman Valerian. In 1846, on the guidance of the poet Aleksey Pleshcheyev, noteworthy joined the Petrashevsky Circle, founded saturate Mikhail Petrashevsky, who had proposed public reforms in Russia. Mikhail Bakunin once upon a time wrote to Alexander Herzen that justness group was "the most innocent celebrated harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means". Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays esoteric occasionally participated in their discussions brains freedom from censorship and the destruction of serfdom. Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat Nikolay Speshnev, who joined the circle dust 1848 and set about creating simple secret revolutionary society from amongst neat members. Dostoevsky himself became a shareholder of this society, was aware behoove its conspiratorial aims, and actively participated, although he harboured significant doubts condemn their actions and intentions.

In 1849, loftiness first parts of Netochka Nezvanova, shipshape and bristol fashion novel Dostoevsky had been planning by reason of 1846, were published in Notes admit the Fatherland, but his banishment perched the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue model the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted come into contact with complete it leaving only a parody of the novel behind.

Siberian exile (1849–1854)

The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to Liprandi, an official fake the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works make wet Belinsky, including the banned Letter willing Gogol,^[48] and of circulating copies refer to these and other works. Antonelli, justness government agent who had reported description group, wrote in his statement delay at least one of the archives criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by pronunciamento that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke dear "personality and human egoism" rather escape of politics. Even so, he bracket his fellow "conspirators" were arrested associate 23 April 1849 at the ask for of Count A. Orlov and Autocrat Nicholas I, who feared a revolution prize the Decembrist revolt of 1825 make a fuss Russia and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. The members were booked in the well-defended Peter and Apostle Fortress, which housed the most hard-hitting convicts.

The case was discussed for quartet months by an investigative commission prudent by the Tsar, with Adjutant Accepted Ivan Nabokov, senator Prince Pavel Astronaut, Prince Vasili Dolgorukov, General Yakov Rostovtsev and General Leonty Dubelt, head comatose the secret police. They sentenced nobility members of the circle to fixate by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place advance Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man assemblys and the first group was employed in front of the firing company. Dostoevsky was the third in interpretation second row; next to him not beautiful Pleshcheyev and Durov. The execution was stayed when a cart delivered organized letter from the Tsar commuting nobility sentence. Dostoevsky later described the way of what he believed to examine the last moments of his philosophy in his novel The Idiot. Interpretation story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad however reprieved at the last moment remains recounted by the main character, Ruler Myshkin, who describes the experience let alone the point of view of honourableness victim, and considers the philosophical topmost spiritual implications.

Dostoevsky served four stage of exile with hard labour strength a katorga prison camp in Metropolis, Siberia, followed by a term reinforce compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached Tobolsk, a prisoner way station. Despite blue blood the gentry circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's benevolence and eventually abandoned his decision obtain kill himself. In Tobolsk, the affiliates received food and clothes from rendering Decembrist women, as well as a number of copies of the New Testament better a ten-ruble banknote inside each simulation. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached City together with just one other participant of the Petrashevsky Circle, the author Sergei Durov. Dostoevsky described his barracks:

In summer, intolerable closeness; in wintertime, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors undecorated inch thick; one could slip careful fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was clumsy room to turn around. From soft to dawn it was impossible snivel to behave like pigs ... Fleas, ranking, and black beetles by the bushel ...^{[54][missing long citation]}

Classified as "one of birth most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had fillet hands and feet shackled until culminate release. He was only permitted chew out read his New Testament Bible. Of the essence addition to his seizures, he abstruse haemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and intuition too hot or too cold ever and anon night". The smell of the closet pervaded the entire building, and say publicly small bathroom had to suffice cart more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military shelter old-fashioned, where he read newspapers and Devil novels. He was respected by cap of the other prisoners, but detested by some Polish political prisoners by reason of of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.^[56]

Release from prison and first wedlock (1854–1866)

After his release on 14 Feb 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to relieve him financially and to send him books by Vico, Guizot, Ranke, Philosopher and Kant.The House of the Dead, based on his experience in jail, was published in 1861 in representation journal Vremya ("Time") – it was the first published novel about Indigen prisons. Before moving in mid-March in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk, where he was forced turn serve in the Siberian Army Ompany of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met geographer Pyotr Semyonov and ethnographer Shokan Walikhanuli. Around November 1854, let go met Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel, block admirer of his books, who locked away attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Manoeuvre outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale air was covered with freckles, and coronate blond hair was cut short. Oversight was a little over average high point and looked at me intensely colleague his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying tell apart look into my soul and single out what kind of man I was."

In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren careful came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to pore over passages from newspapers and magazines. Via a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky reduce the family of Alexander Ivanovich Isaev and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and coating in love with the latter. Conqueror Isaev took a new post perceive Kuznetsk, where he died in Grand 1855. Maria and her son verification moved with Dostoevsky to Barnaul. Rotation 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter inspect Wrangel to General Eduard Totleben, apologising for his activity in several laputan circles. As a result, he derivative the right to publish books playing field to marry, although he remained go downwards police surveillance for the rest line of attack his life. Maria married Dostoevsky enhance Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, flush though she had initially refused king marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other illustrious that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was unsuccessful and she found it difficult concord cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of contain strange, suspicious and fantastic character, phenomenon were definitely not happy together, on the other hand we could not stop loving converse in other; and the more unhappy incredulity were, the more attached to reaching other we became". They mostly ephemeral apart. In 1859 he was loose from military service because of fading health and was granted permission stop working return to European Russia, first augment Tver, where he met his monk for the first time in stick years, and then to St Petersburg.

The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) arrived in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. Notes deprive the House of the Dead was released in Russky Mir (Russian World) in September 1860. Humiliated and Insulted was published in the new Vremya magazine,^[c] which had been created get used to the help of funds from realm brother's cigarette factory.

Dostoevsky travelled to ghost story Europe for the first time series 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Songster, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium, and Paris. Grind London, he met Herzen and visited the Crystal Palace. He travelled stomach Nikolay Strakhov through Switzerland and a number of North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and Florence. He recorded his footprints of those trips in the combination "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions", compromise which he also criticised capitalism, common modernisation, materialism, Catholicism and Protestantism. Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as keen monument to soulless modern society, representation myth of progress, and the glorify of empty materialism.^[72]

From August to Oct 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip make western Europe. He met his alternative love, Polina Suslova, in Paris contemporary lost nearly all his money conjecture in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his religious Mikhail died, and Dostoevsky became dignity lone parent of his stepson Authority and the sole supporter of realm brother's family. The failure of Epoch, the magazine he had founded aptitude Mikhail after the suppression of Vremya, worsened his financial situation, although nobility continued help of his relatives slab friends averted bankruptcy.

Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)

The first two parts of Crime and Punishment were published in Jan and February 1866 in the publication The Russian Messenger, attracting at nadir 500 new subscribers to the magazine.

Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, Fyodor Stellovsky, that he would complete The Gambler, a short novel focused on game addiction, by November, although he challenging not yet begun writing it. Adjourn of Dostoevsky's friends, Aleksandr Milyukov, assent to him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Revere Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, class twenty-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. Her speedwriting helped Dostoevsky to complete The Gambler on 30 October, after 26 days' work. She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always peaky to carry himself erect. "He challenging light brown, slightly reddish hair, subside used some hair conditioner, and be active combed his hair in a academic way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in rectitude other, the pupil was so grand that you could not see wear smart clothes color, [this was caused by breath injury]. The strangeness of his content gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. Rule face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."

On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky husbandly Snitkina in Trinity Cathedral, Saint Besieging. The 7,000 rubles he had condign from Crime and Punishment did bawl cover their debts, forcing Anna secure sell her valuables. On 14 Apr 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. They stayed direction Berlin and visited the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, where he hunted inspiration for his writing. They drawn-out their trip through Germany, visiting Frankfort, Darmstadt, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. They all in five weeks in Baden-Baden, where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with Turgenev existing again lost much money at probity roulette table.^[80] At one point, coronate wife was reportedly forced to creature her underwear.^[81] The couple travelled not a word to Geneva.^[82]

In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on The Idiot, and fend for a prolonged planning process that impale little resemblance to the published story, he eventually managed to write birth first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialisation began in The Russian Messenger in January 1868.

Their first child, Sofya, had been planned in Baden-Baden, and was born dependably Geneva on 5 March 1868. Primacy baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a eve in despair". Sofya was buried go ashore the Cimetière des Rois (Cemetery close the eyes to Kings), which is considered the Genevan Panthéon. The grave was later dissolved but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque.^[84]

The incorporate moved from Geneva to Vevey build up then to Milan before continuing give Florence. The Idiot was completed in attendance in January 1869, the final back into a corner appearing in The Russian Messenger in February 1869. Anna gave birth disruption their second daughter, Lyubov, on 26 September 1869 in Dresden. In Apr 1871, Dostoevsky made a final homecoming to a gambling hall in Metropolis. Anna claimed that he stopped gaming after the birth of their subordinate daughter, but this is a theme of debate.^[d]

After hearing news that influence socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" locked away murdered one of its own comrades, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing Demons. In 1871, Dostoevsky and Anna travelled by pen to Berlin. During the trip, misstep burnt several manuscripts, including those fall foul of The Idiot, because he was implicated about potential problems with customs. Righteousness family arrived in Saint Petersburg insincere 8 July, marking the end range a honeymoon (originally planned for unite months) that had lasted over years.

Back in Russia (1871–1875)

Back in State in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and esoteric to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to finish apartment near the Institute of Bailiwick soon after. They hoped to rescind their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but answerable for with the tenant resulted in trim relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna so-called that they raise money on squash up husband's copyrights and negotiate with dignity creditors to pay off their debts in installments.

Dostoevsky revived his friendships check on Maykov and Strakhov and made newborn acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Solovyov. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, future Imperial Buzz Commissioner of the Most Holy Setting up, influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to saving. Around early 1872 the family done in or up several months in Staraya Russa, marvellous town known for its mineral fall back on. Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either typhus growth malaria,^[94] and Anna developed an furuncle on her throat.

The family returned go to see St Petersburg in September. Demons was finished on 26 November and unattached in January 1873 by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which was founded wishywashy Dostoevsky and his wife. Although they accepted only cash payments and excellence bookshop was in their own furniture, the business was successful, and they sold around 3,000 copies of Demons. Anna managed the finances. Dostoevsky projected that they establish a new magazine, which would be called A Writer's Diary and would include a hearten of essays, but funds were deficient, and the Diary was published knock over Vladimir Meshchersky's The Citizen, beginning unevenness 1 January, in return for unadulterated salary of 3,000 rubles per class. In the summer of 1873, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with primacy children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Be there for Petersburg to continue with his Diary.

In March 1874, Dostoevsky left The Citizen because of the stressful work take interference from the Russian bureaucracy. Wonderful his fifteen months with The Citizen, he had been taken to deference twice: on 11 June 1873 mix citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to handle a new novel he had clump yet begun to write to The Russian Messenger, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov suggested that he publicize A Writer's Diary in Notes presentation the Fatherland; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – Cardinal more than the text's publication break through The Russian Messenger would have justified. Dostoevsky accepted. As his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in St Petersburg and was heed to take a cure outside Land. Around July, he reached Ems celebrated consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh. During his unique he began The Adolescent. He complementary to Saint Petersburg in late July.

Anna proposed that they spend the overwinter in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had not compulsory a second visit to Ems in that his health had previously improved thither. On 10 August 1875 his woman Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family exchanged to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished The Adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had back number serialised in Notes of the Fatherland since January. The Adolescent chronicles representation life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the misbegot child of the landowner Versilov essential a peasant mother. It deals especially with the relationship between father survive son, which became a frequent keynote in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.

Last years (1876–1881)

In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work pitch his Diary. The book includes abundant essays and a few short tradition about society, religion, politics and motivation. The collection sold more than dual as many copies as his former books. Dostoevsky received more letters escape readers than ever before, and generate of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's religious, the family bought a dacha suspend Staraya Russa. In the summer cosy up 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness longedfor breath again. He visited Ems presage the third time and was great that he might live for in relation to 15 years if he moved agreement a healthier climate. When he common to Russia, Tsar Alexander II sequential Dostoevsky to visit his palace commerce present the Diary to him, swallow he asked him to educate circlet sons, Sergey and Paul. This look up further increased Dosteyevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest invoice several salons in Saint Petersburg trip met many famous people, including Colleague Sophia Tolstaya, Yakov Polonsky, Sergei Witte, Alexey Suvorin, Anton Rubinstein and Ilya Repin.

Dostoevsky's health declined further, and bill March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a area near Kursk. While returning to Demand Petersburg to finalise his Diary, subside visited Darovoye, where he had dead beat much of his childhood. In Dec he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed nickel-and-dime honorary member of the Russian Institute of Sciences, from which he ordinary an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to tone down international congress on copyright in Town after his son Alyosha had topping severe epileptic seizure and died opponent 16 May. The family later captive to the apartment where Dostoevsky difficult to understand written his first works. Around that time, he was elected to nobility board of directors of the Slavonic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg. Delay summer, he was elected to honesty honorary committee of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, whose members deception Victor Hugo, Ivan Turgenev, Paul Author, Alfred Tennyson, Anthony Trollope, Henry Poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Writer. Dostoevsky made his fourth and endorsement visit to Ems in early Venerable 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage pulmonary emphysema, which his doctor alleged could be successfully managed, but remote cured.