Julian percy biography

Percy Lavon Julian

American research chemist (1899-1975)

Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – Apr 19, 1975) was an American inquiry chemist and a pioneer in interpretation chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs break plants.[1] Julian was the first individual to synthesize the natural product physostigmine, and a pioneer in industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones progesterone and testosterone from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. Enthrone work laid the foundation for nobility steroid drug industry's production of corticosteroid, other corticosteroids, and artificial hormones rove led to birth control pills.[2][3][4]

Julian in motion his own company to synthesize endocrine intermediates from the wild Mexican yams. His work helped greatly reduce integrity cost of steroid intermediates to weak multinational pharmaceutical companies, helping to drastically expand the use of several carry some weight drugs, including synthetic cortisone.[5][6]

Julian was work out of the first African Americans outline be allowed to earn a degree in chemistry. He was the rule African-American chemist inducted into the Nationwide Academy of Sciences, and the erelong African-American scientist, after David Blackwell, inducted into the organization from any field.[5] Throughout his career, Julian received take up 130 patents.[7]

Early life and family

Percy Lavon Julian was born on April 11, 1899, in Montgomery, Alabama,[8] as rendering first child of six born write to James Sumner Julian and Elizabeth River Adams Julian. Both of his parents were graduates of what was up be Alabama State University. His holy man, James was employed as a scorekeeper in the Railway Service of dignity United States Post Office, and ruler mother Elizabeth was a schoolteacher.[9][10]

Education with academic career

At a time when admittance to an education beyond the oneeighth grade was extremely rare for Someone Americans, Julian's parents steered all be incumbent on their children toward higher education. Solon attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. The college accepted few African-American grade. The segregated nature of the environs subjected him to social humiliations. Sharp-tasting was not allowed to live get a college dormitory and first stayed in an off-campus boarding home, which refused to serve him meals. Luxuriate took him days before he windlass an establishment where he could conclusive. He later found work firing picture furnace, waiting tables, and doing overpower odd jobs in a fraternity house; in return, he was allowed connection sleep in the attic and explicit at the house. Julian graduated implant DePauw in 1920 as a Phi Beta Kappa and valedictorian.[11]

By 1930, diadem father had moved the family supplement Greencastle so that all his race could attend DePauw. He still la-de-da as a railroad postal clerk.[12] Saint owned his own home, valued make a fuss over $3,000 (approximately $55,000 today).[citation needed]

After graduating from DePauw, Julian wanted to receive his doctorate in chemistry, but erudite it would be difficult for come to an end African American to do so. In place of, he obtained a position as skilful chemistry instructor at Fisk University. Tight spot 1923 he received an Austin Comradeship in Chemistry, which allowed him pore over attend Harvard University to obtain monarch M.S. However, worried that white lecture would resent being taught by insinuation African American, Harvard withdrew Julian's schooling assistantship, making it impossible for him to complete his Ph.D. there.

In 1929, while an instructor at Histrion University, Julian received a Rockefeller Basis fellowship to continue his graduate uncalledfor at the University of Vienna, position he earned his Ph.D. in 1931. He studied under Ernst Späth scold was considered an impressive student. Accumulation gave him freedom from the genetic prejudices that had stifled him guarantee the States. He freely participated increase by two intellectual social gatherings, attended the theater, and found greater acceptance among coronate peers.[13][14] Julian was one of class first African Americans to receive clean up Ph.D. in chemistry, after St. Elmo Brady and Edward M.A. Chandler.[5][15]

After continual from Vienna, Julian taught for round off year at Howard University. At Actor, in part due to his relocate as a department head, Julian became caught up in university politics, disruptive off a chain of scandals. Explore university president Mordecai Wyatt Johnson's request,[16] he goaded white professor of alchemy Jacob Shohan (Ph.D., Harvard[17]), into resigning.[18][19] In late May 1932, Shohan retaliated by releasing to the local African-American newspaper the letters Julian had tedious to him from Vienna. The longhand described "a variety of subjects deprive wine, pretty Viennese women, music humbling dances, to chemical experiments and structuring for the new chemical building."[18] Delight the letters, he spoke with awareness, and some derision, of members grounding the Howard University faculty, calling predispose well-known dean an "ass (also darken as a donkey)".[18][20]

Around this same heart, Julian also became entangled in proposal interpersonal conflict with his laboratory aide, Robert Thompson. Julian had recommended Archaeologist for dismissal in March 1932.[21] Physicist sued Julian for "alienating the center of his wife",[18] Anna Roselle Archeologist, stating he had seen them culmination in a sexual tryst. Julian counter-sued him for libel. When Thompson was fired, he too gave the engrave intimate and personal letters which General had written to him from Vienna. Julian's letters revealed "how he fooled the [Howard] president into accepting ruler plans for the chemistry building"[20] flourishing "how he bluffed his good newspaper columnist into appointing" a professor of Julian's liking.[20] Through the summer of 1932, the Baltimore Afro-American published all be more or less Julian's letters. Eventually, the scandal other accompanying pressure forced Julian to resign.[5]

On December 24, 1935, he married Anna Roselle (Ph.D. in sociology, 1937, Introduction of Pennsylvania). They had two children: Percy Lavon Julian, Jr. (August 31, 1940 – February 24, 2008), who became a noted civil rights counsellor in Madison, Wisconsin;[22] and Faith Sorrel Julian (born 1944), who still resides in their Oak Park home predominant often makes inspirational speeches about disgruntlement father and his contributions to science.[23]

At the lowest point in Julian's life, his former mentor, William Martin Blanchard, a professor of chemistry at DePauw, threw him a much-needed lifeline. Blanchard offered Julian a position to tutor organic chemistry at DePauw in 1932. Julian then helped Josef Pikl, well-organized fellow student at the University comprehensive Vienna, to come to the Leagued States to work with him heroic act DePauw. In 1935, Julian and Pikl completed the total synthesis of physostigmine and confirmed the structural formula decided to it. Robert Robinson of Metropolis University in the U.K. had archaic the first to publish a conjunction of physostigmine, but Julian noticed cruise the quoted melting point of Robinson's end product was incorrect, indicating renounce he had not created it. During the time that Julian completed his synthesis, the moving point matched the correct one hire natural physostigmine from the calabar bean.[5]

Julian also extracted stigmasterol, which took secure name from Physostigma venenosum, the westmost African calabar bean that he hoped could serve as raw material accommodate the synthesis of human steroidal hormones. At about this time, in 1934, Butenandt and Fernholz, in Germany,[24][25] difficult shown that stigmasterol, isolated from bean oil, could be converted to lipo-lutin by synthetic organic chemistry.

Private division work: Glidden

Hiring

In 1936 Julian was denied a professorship at DePauw for national reasons. DuPont offered a job drawback Pikl, but declined to hire Solon, despite his superlative qualifications as demolish organic chemist, apologizing that they were "unaware he was black".[11] Julian job applied for a job at high-mindedness Institute of Paper Chemistry in Physicist, Wisconsin. However, Appleton was a end of the day town, forbidding African Americans from citizen overnight, explicitly stating "No Negro obligated to be a bed or boarded for the night in Appleton."[26]

Meanwhile, Julian had written pause the Glidden Company, a supplier flash soybean oil products, to request organized five-gallon sample of the oil hug use as his starting point put under somebody's nose the synthesis of human steroidal copulation hormones (in part because his spouse was experiencing infertility).[citation needed] After reaction the request, W. J. O'Brien, unadorned vice-president at Glidden, telephoned Julian, contribution him the position of director show evidence of research at Glidden's Soya Products Share in Chicago. He was very budding offered the job by O'Brien now he was fluent in German, direct Glidden had just purchased a another continuous countercurrent solvent extraction plant flight Germany for the extraction of shop oil from soybeans for paints contemporary other uses.[5]

Soy protein

Julian supervised the troop of the plant at Glidden like that which he arrived in 1936. He thence designed and supervised the construction get through the world's first plant for birth production of industrial-grade, isolated soy catalyst from oil-free soybean meal. Isolated condiment protein could replace the more on sale milk casein in industrial applications much as coating and sizing of awl, glue for making Douglas fir laminate, and in the manufacture of water-based paints.

At the start of Pretend War II, Glidden sent a criterion of Julian's isolated soy protein perfect National Foam System Inc. (today a-okay unit of Kidde Fire Fighting), which used it to develop Aer-O-Foam,[27][28] prestige U.S. Navy's firefighting "bean soup." Ultimately it was not exactly Julian's picture, his meticulous care in the activity of the soy protein made representation firefighting foam possible. When a hydrolyzate of isolated soy protein was indignant into a water stream, the combination was converted into a foam overstep means of an aerating nozzle. Excellence soy protein foam was used laurels smother oil and gasoline fires alongside ships and was particularly useful accumulate aircraft carriers. It has saved honourableness lives of thousands of sailors turf airmen.[28] Citing this achievement, in 1947 the NAACP awarded Julian the Spingarn Medal, its highest honor.

The 1943 United States Office of War Facts film Food for Fighters features Solon as the soy expert when report the inclusion of soy to impulsion the nutrition of K-rations.[29]

Steroids

Percy's research shock defeat Glidden changed direction in 1940 just as he began work on synthesizing lipolutin, estrogen, and testosterone from the skill sterolsstigmasterol and sitosterol, isolated from soya oil by a foam technique dirt invented and patented.[2][30] At that prior, clinicians were discovering many uses convey the newly discovered hormones. However, solitary minute quantities could be extracted spread hundreds of pounds of animal spinal cords.

In 1940, Julian was snug to produce 100 pounds (45 kg) claim mixed soy sterols daily, which esoteric a value of $10,000 ($102,000 today)[31] as sex hormones. Julian was any minute now ozonizing 100 pounds (45 kg) daily sponsor mixed sterol dibromides. The soy stigmasterol was easily converted into commercial the whole kit of the female hormone progesterone, celebrated the first pound of progesterone desert he produced, valued at $63,500 ($647,000 today),[31] was shipped to buyer Upjohn[32] in an armored car.[4] Production be a devotee of other sex hormones soon followed.[33]

His exert yourself made possible the production of these hormones on a larger industrial calculate, with the potential of reducing goodness cost of treating hormonal deficiencies. Solon and his co-workers obtained patents attach importance to Glidden on key processes for dignity preparation of progesterone and testosterone breakout soybean plant sterols. Product patents restricted by a former cartel of Continent pharmaceutical companies had prevented a key reduction in wholesale and retail prices for clinical use of these hormones in the 1940s. He saved haunt lives with this discovery.[34][35][36]

On April 13, 1949, rheumatologistPhilip Hench at the Dressing Clinic announced the dramatic effectiveness bring to an end cortisone in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Say publicly cortisone was produced by Merck deem great expense using a complex 36-step synthesis developed by chemist Lewis Sarett, starting with deoxycholic acid from bulls bile acids. On September 30, 1949, Julian announced an improved process complete producing cortisone.[37][38][39][40] This eliminated the machinist of osmium tetroxide, which was unusual and expensive.[37] By 1950, Glidden could begin producing closely related compounds which might have partial cortisone activity. Solon also announced the synthesis, starting understand the cheap and readily available pregnenolone (synthesized from the soybean oil alcohol stigmasterol) of the steroid cortexolone (also known as Reichstein's Substance S, captain most often referred as 11-Deoxycortisol[41]), elegant molecule that differed from cortisone alongside a single missing oxygen atom; tube possibly 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenetriolone, which operate hoped might also be effective charge treating rheumatoid arthritis,[37][38][39][40][42] but unfortunately they were not.[40]

On April 5, 1952, biochemist Durey Peterson and microbiologist Herbert River at Upjohn published the first noise of a fermentation process for magnanimity microbial 11α-oxygenation of steroids in orderly single step (by common molds think likely the order Mucorales). Their fermentation action could produce 11α-hydroxyprogesterone or 11α-hydrocortisone deseed progesterone or Compound S, respectively, which could then by further chemical hierarchy be converted to cortisone or 11β-hydrocortisone (cortisol).[43]

After two years, Glidden abandoned run of cortisone to concentrate on Feeling S. Julian developed a multistep condition for conversion of pregnenolone, available answer abundance from soybean oil sterols, greet cortexolone. In 1952, Glidden, which difficult been producing progesterone and other steroids from soybean oil, shut down wellfitting own production and began importing them from Mexico through an arrangement confront Diosynth (a small Mexican company supported in 1947 by Russell Marker funds leaving Syntex). Glidden's cost of making of cortexolone was relatively high, desirable Upjohn decided to use progesterone, disengaged in large quantity at low value from Syntex, to produce cortisone wallet hydrocortisone.[40]

In 1953, Glidden decided to kill the steroid business, which had antediluvian relatively unprofitable over the years neglect Julian's innovative work.[44] On December 1, 1953, Julian left Glidden after 18 years, giving up a salary hark back to nearly $50,000 a year (equivalent submit $570,000 in 2023)[31] to found his disparage company, Julian Laboratories, Inc., taking set apart the small, concrete-block building of Straphanger Chemical Company in Franklin Park, Illinois.[45][46][47]

On December 2, 1953, Pfizer acquired inimical licenses of Glidden patents for righteousness synthesis of Substance S. Pfizer difficult developed a fermentation process for microorganism 11β-oxygenation of steroids in a celibate step that could convert Substance Savage directly to 11β-hydrocortisone (cortisol), with Syntex undertaking large-scale production of cortexolone mistrust very low cost.[40]

Oak Park and Solon Laboratories

Around 1950, Julian moved his cover to the Chicago suburb of Tree Park, becoming the first African-American parentage to reside there.[48] Although some denizens welcomed them, there was also antagonism. Before they moved in, on Pride oneself Day, 1950, their home was firebombed. Later, after they moved in, loftiness house was attacked with dynamite misappropriation June 12, 1951. The attacks discomfited the community, and a community collection was formed to support the Julians.[49] Julian's son later recounted that cloth these times, he and his curate often kept watch over the family's property by sitting on the facade porch with a shotgun.[5]

Julian's new investigation firm, Julian Laboratories, Inc., hired numberless of his best chemists, including African-Americans and women, from Glidden. He won a contract to provide Upjohn be dissimilar $2 million worth of progesterone (equivalent to $20 million today).[31] To struggle against Syntex, he would have run into use the same Mexican yam, plagiaristic from the Mexican barbasco trade, restructuring his starting material. Julian used jurisdiction own money and borrowed from band to build a processing plant hold up Mexico, but he could not focus a permit from the government stalk harvest the yams. Abraham Zlotnik, first-class former Jewish University of Vienna crony whom Julian had helped escape distance from the Holocaust, led a search disdain find a new yam source scope Guatemala for the company.

In July 1956, Julian and executives of couple other American companies trying to compose the Mexican steroid intermediates market arrived before a U.S. Senate subcommittee. They testified that Syntex was using unreasonable influence to monopolize access to honourableness Mexican yam.[36][50] The hearings resulted affront Syntex signing a consent decree state the U.S. Justice Department. While consent did not admit to restraining go backward, it promised not to do thus in the future.[36] Within five life-span, large American multinationalpharmaceutical companies had obtained all six producers of steroid intermediates in Mexico, four of which difficult to understand been Mexican-owned.[36]

Syntex reduced the cost pounce on steroid intermediates more than 250-fold sign over twelve years, from $80 per flaxen in 1943 to $0.31 per image in 1955.[36][50] Competition from Upjohn existing General Mills, which had together notion very substantial improvements in the drive of progesterone from stigmasterol, forced ethics price of Mexican progesterone down concentrate on less than $0.15 per gram delight in 1957. The price continued to slouch, bottoming out at $0.08 per image in 1968.[36][40]

In 1958, Upjohn purchased 6,900 kg of progesterone from Syntex at $0.135 per gram, 6,201 kg of progesterone deviate Searle (who had acquired Pesa) exceed $0.143 per gram, 5,150 kg of progestogen from Julian Laboratories at $0.14 slow down gram, and 1,925 kg of progesterone non-native General Mills (who had acquired Protex) at $0.142 per gram.[51]

Despite continually tumbling bulk prices of steroid intermediates, finish oligopoly of large American multinational treatment companies kept the wholesale prices disturb corticosteroid drugs fixed and unchanged jamming the 1960s. Cortisone was fixed imitation $5.48 per gram from 1954, corticoid at $7.99 per gram from 1954, and prednisone at $35.80 per fairhaired from 1956.[36][51]Merck and Roussel Uclaf unintelligent on improving the production of corticosteroids from cattle bile acids. In 1960 Roussel produced almost one-third of character world's corticosteroids from bile acids.[40]

Julian Laboratories chemists found a way to fourfold the yield on a product estimate which they were barely breaking flush. Julian reduced their price per kg for the product from $4,000 get on to $400.[5] He sold the company make a way into 1961 for $2.3 million (equivalent peak $23 million today) and became tighten up of the first black millionaires.[31] Depiction U.S. and Mexico facilities were purchased by Smith Kline, and Julian's compound plant in Guatemala was purchased via Upjohn.

In 1964, Julian founded Statesman Associates and Julian Research Institute, which he managed for the rest faux his life.[52] Julian also helped ordain found the Legal Defense and Illuminating Fund of Chicago.[53]

Julian died of liver-colored cancer in Waukegan, Illinois on Apr 19, 1975, a week after cap 76th birthday.[54]

Honors and legacy

  • In 1947, why not? was awarded the Spingarn Medal take the stones out of the NAACP.[55]
  • In 1950, the Chicago Sun-Times named Percy Julian the Chicagoan observe the Year.[23]
  • He was elected to rank National Academy of Sciences in 1973 in recognition of his scientific achievements.[5] He became the second African English to be inducted, after David Blackwell.
  • Since 1975, the National Organization for representation Professional Advancement of Black Chemists put forward Chemical Engineers has presented the Soldier L. Julian Award for Pure take Applied Research in Science and Engineering.[56]
  • In 1975, Percy L. Julian High Academy was opened on the south conservation of Chicago, Illinois as a City public high school.
  • In 1980, the principles and mathematics building on the DePauw University campus was rededicated as prestige Percy L. Julian Mathematics and Principles Center. In Greencastle, Indiana, where DePauw is located, a street was called after Julian.
  • In 1985, Hawthorne School vibrate Oak Park, Illinois, was renamed Writer Julian Middle School.[57]
  • Illinois State University, turn Julian served on the board manage trustees, named a hall after him.[58]
  • A structure at Coppin State University in your right mind named the Percy Julian Science Building.
  • In 1990, he was inducted into loftiness National Inventors Hall of Fame.[59]
  • In 1993 Julian was honored on a march issued by the United States Postal Service.[60][61]
  • In 1999, the American Chemical The public recognized Julian's synthesis of physostigmine makeover a National Historic Chemical Landmark.[62]
  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Author Lavon Julian on his list be keen on 100 Greatest African-Americans.[63]
  • In 2011, the qualify exam preparation committee at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine was labelled for Percy Julian.
  • In 2014, Google worthy him with a Doodle.[64][65][66]
  • In 2019, angulate 5622 Percy julian, discovered by Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory in 1990, was named in his memory.[67] Nobility naming citation was published by rectitude Minor Planet Center on August 27, 2019 (M.P.C. 115893).[68]
  • In November 2022, well off was announced that Robert E Appreciate High School in Montgomery, AL would be renamed to Dr. Percy Acclaim. Julian High School.[69]

Nova documentary

Ruben Santiago-Hudson depict Percy Julian in the Public Communication Service Nova documentary about his progress, called "Forgotten Genius". It was tingle on the PBS network on Feb 6, 2007, sponsored by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation with mint funding by the National Endowment reach the Humanities. Approximately sixty of Julian's family members, friends, and work fellowship were interviewed for the docudrama.[5][70]

Production schedule the biopic began in May 2002 at DePauw University's Greencastle campus, ring Julian's bust is on display draw the atrium of the Percy Lavon Julian Science and Mathematics Center. Class completion and broadcast of the pic was delayed while Nova commissioned cranium published a companion book on Julian's life.[71]

According to University of Illinois clerk James Anderson in the film, "His story is a story of very great accomplishment, of heroic efforts and superiority tremendous odds...a story about who amazement are and what we stand pick and the challenges that have anachronistic there and the challenges that catch unawares still with us."[70]

Archive

The Percy Lavon Statesman family papers are archived at DePauw University.[72]

Patents

  • U.S. patent 2,218,971, October 22, 1940, Recovery of sterols
  • U.S. patent 2,373,686, July 15, 1942, Phosphatide product and fashion of making
  • U.S. patent 2,752,339, June 26, 1956, Preparation of cortisone
  • U.S. patent 3,149,132, September 15, 1964, 16-aminomenthyl-17-alkyltestosterone derivatives
  • U.S. unmistakable 3,274,178, September 20, 1966, Method hold preparing 16(alpha)-hydroxypregnenes and intermediates obtained therein
  • U.S. patent 3,761,469, September 25, 1973, Operation for the manufacture of steroid chlorohydrins; with Arnold Lippert Hirsch

Publications

  • On the Progenitors of Certain Plant Alkaloids and rank Mechanism of their Formation in depiction Plant Structure; Percy L. Julian. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1933, 43, pp 122–126.
  • Studies in the Indole Series. Frenzied. The Synthesis of Alpha-Benzylindoles; Percy Acclaim. Julian, Josef Pikl; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55(5), pp 2105–2110. doi:10.1021/ja01332a054
  • Studies in the Indole Series. V. Goodness Complete Synthesis of Physostigmine (Eserine); Author L. Julian, Josef Pikl; J. Smash. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57(4), pp 755–757. doi:10.1021/ja01307a051
  • Studies in the Indole Series Figure. The Course of the Fischer Ambiance with Ketones of the Type Notice CH2 CO CH3. Alpha-Propyl and Alpha-Homoveratryl Indole; Percy L Julian, Josef Pikl; Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1935, 45, pp 145–150.

See also

References

  1. ^Stille, Darlene R. Percy Lavon Julian: Pioneering Chemist (Signature Lives series)Archived March 23, 2015, at say publicly Wayback Machine, Capstone, 2009, ISBN 0756540895, ISBN 978-0756540890.
  2. ^ abWGBH-PBS. People and Discoveries: Percy Solon, 1899–1975Archived June 4, 2017, at magnanimity Wayback Machine, WGBH-PBS, 1998. Retrieved get round PBS.org website.
  3. ^"Giants of the Past: Hotspur Lavon Julian (1899–1975). A Forgotten Dawn in Soy". United States Department entity Agriculture. Archived from the original get the impression March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  4. ^ ab"Lipid Library: Percy Lavon Statesman (1899–1975)". American Oil Chemists' Society. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  5. ^ abcdefghij"NOVA: Forgotten Genius". Nova (American TV series). February 6, 2007. Archived from interpretation original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
  6. ^Cobb, W. M. (1971). "Percy Lavon Julian, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., L.H.D., 1899- ?". Journal of the Public Medical Association. 63 (2): 143–150. PMC 2609845. PMID 4928023.
  7. ^"Surmounting the insurmountable". www.uspto.gov. Retrieved Dec 2, 2024.
  8. ^Miller, Dean (January 1, 2014). Chemists. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 74. ISBN . Archived from the original on Sept 14, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  9. ^"Milestones". Time. May 5, 1975. Archived elude the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  10. ^Julian family derive the 1900 U.S. Census; Montgomery, Alabama; James lived with his wife's siblings: Mather P. Adams (1884–? ); Martyr Adams (1886–? ); Carrie L. President (1891–? ); Ethel M. Adams (1893–? ). James is listed as trim mail carrier.
  11. ^ abDePauw University. The Believable of Percy Lavon Julian '20Archived June 6, 2017, at the Wayback Completing DePauw University News & Media Uncover website, February 19, 2009. Retrieved Feb 22, 2013.
  12. ^1930 US Census; Greencastle, Indiana with Julians
  13. ^"Percy L. Julian Is Awarded Doctorate in Chemistry". Washington Post. Revered 2, 1931.
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  17. ^"The Ceremonial Archive". Archived from the original dimwitted November 21, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  18. ^ abcd"Julian Letters Draw A Dim From H.U."The Afro American. June 4, 1932. p. 1. Archived from the uptotheminute on June 23, 2020. Retrieved Apr 14, 2014.
  19. ^Kenneth R. Manning, Black Phoebus of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just, Oxford University Press, 1983, pp. 223-24.
  20. ^ abc"Howard University Officials Beseech Letter Writing Dr. Julian To Resign". The Afro American. June 18, 1932. p. 1. Archived from the original conversion September 14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  21. ^"What Will Happen Next?". The Coiffure American. p. 1. Archived from the another on September 14, 2022. Retrieved Apr 14, 2014.
  22. ^Lamb, Yvonne Shinhoster (March 26, 2008). "Civil Rights Lawyer Percy General Jr., 67". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  23. ^ ab"Life Chronology". DePauw University. Archived from nobleness original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  24. ^A. Butenandt, U. Westphal and H.Cobler, Berichte Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft, Vol. 67, 1934, pp. 1611–1616, 2085–2087.
  25. ^E. Fernholz. Berichte Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft, Vol. 67, 1934, pp. 2027–2031. (in German)
  26. ^Maren Hunsberger (February 18, 2021). "The Lifesaving Bean". Amazingly Brilliant. Archived from magnanimity original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  27. ^Aer-O-Foam MSDSArchived March 9, 2003, at the Wayback Machine, S.O.S. Rubber International website.
  28. ^ ab"Production: Navy Attic Soup". Time. December 6, 1943. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  29. ^"Food dilemma Fighters". YouTube. US Office of Combat Information. January 27, 2013. Retrieved Dec 24, 2023.
  30. ^U.S. Patent 2,273,046
  31. ^ abcde1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Decay That in Real Money? A Consecutive Price Index for Use as undiluted Deflator of Money Values in primacy Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Undue Is That in Real Money? Pure Historical Price Index for Use chimpanzee a Deflator of Money Values restrict the Economy of the United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Believe Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Divide (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
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  34. ^"Sex Hormones Come by Legal Battle". Business Week: 46–50. Dec 22, 1945.
  35. ^"Mexican hormones". Fortune. 43 (5): 86–90, 161–2, 166, 168. May 1951.
  36. ^ abcdefgGereffi, Gary (1983). The Pharmaceutical Elbow grease and Dependency in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 53–163. ISBN .
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  38. ^ ab"News of the week: New cortisone synthesis". Chemical & Engineering News. 27 (41): 2936–2942. October 10, 1949. doi:10.1021/cen-v027n041.p2936.
  39. ^ abLehman, R.W.; Embree, N.D. (1951). "Soybean oil by-products". In Markley, Klare Pitiless. (ed.). Soybeans and Soybean Products, vol. 2. New York: Interscience Publishers. p. 846. OCLC 1573228.
  40. ^ abcdefgApplezweig, Norman (1962). Steroid Drugs. New York: Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill. pp. vii–xi, 9–83.
  41. ^Gjerde H, Gadeholt G, Olsen H, Mørland J, Norman N (July 1985). "11-Deoxycortisol induces hepatic tryptophan oxygenase in rats". Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. 57 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1985.tb00006.x. PMID 4050454.
  42. ^Witkop, Bernhard. "Percy Lavon Julian: April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975"Archived February 22, 2001, at the Wayback Machine (Biographical Memoir), National Academy Press, National School of Sciences, (undated). Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  43. ^Peterson, D. H.; Murray, H .C. (1952). "Microbiological Oxygenation of Steroids Turn-up for the books Carbon11". Journal of the American Mineral Society. 74 (7): 1871–1872. Bibcode:1952JAChS..74.1871P. doi:10.1021/ja01127a531.
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Further reading

  • Cobb, W. M. (1971). "Percy Lavon Julian, PhD, Sc.D., LL.D., L.H.D., 1899–". Journal of the State Medical Association. Vol. 63, no. 2. pp. 143–50. PMC 2609845. PMID 4928023.
  • Cullen, Katherine E. Chemistry: The Everyday Behind the Science (Pioneers In Science), Chapter 8: Percy Julian (1899–1975): Blend of Glaucoma Drug and Sterols newcomer disabuse of Natural Plant Products, Infobase Publishing, 2006, pp. 103–114, ISBN 0816072221, ISBN 978-0816072224.
  • Kyle, R. A.; Shampo, M. A. (1996). "Stamp vignette supervision medical science. Percy Lavon Julian—industrial chemist". Mayo Clin. Proc. 71 (12): 1170. doi:10.4065/71.12.sv. PMID 8945489.
  • Weissmann, Gerald (2005). "Cortisone boss the burning cross. The story time off Percy Julian". The Pharos of Total Omega Alpha-Honor Medical Society. Alpha Totality Alpha. 68 (1): 13–16. PMID 15792073.

External links

  • Percy Julian Chemistry and Civil Rights. Fold over from Teachers' Domain
  • Bernhard Witkop, "Percy Lavon Julian", Biographical Memoirs of the Official Academy of Sciences (1980)
  • Profile of Soldier Julian – The Black Inventor Online Museum
  • Percy Lavon Julian at Find marvellous Grave
  • Percy Julian Archives at DePauw University
  • Forgotten Genius, PBS Nova documentary and video
  • Video: "Bringing Chemistry to Prime Time", spiffy tidy up talk by Nova producer Steve Lyons on the creation of the Writer Julian PBS documentary
  • "Glidden Company History". Glidden Company. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  • "Percy Solon, Chemist Extraordinaire" (biography), Shunya's Notes site, June 24, 2007.
  • Glidden Co. Soy Document Center, Glidden Company.
  • Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (August 21, 2022). Biography of Dr. Percy Lavon Julian (1899-2020): Greatest African-American Chemist of the 20th Century(PDF). Soldier, CA: Soyinfo Center. ISBN .